ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 
Moll 13 
of “ costas,” “ funiculi,” “ fila,” and “ linece,” only for elevated sculpture ; 
“ canaliculi,” “sulci,” and “ strios,” only for deepened sculpture ; “ vittoe,” 
“versus,” and “ lineolae,” only for colouration ; “umbo-transversal dimen- 
sion,” for the height of Bivalves from the umbones to the ventral mar- 
gin ; “ antero-posterior dimension,” for their length ; and “ bisectional dia- 
meter, ”4 for the transverse dimension from one valve to the other at the 
most distant parts. Among the Gastropods, no strikingly new terms are 
to be found. 
Anatomy and Physiology. 
1 . Muscular System and Connective Tissue. 
F. Plateau has measured the weight necessary to overcome the 
resistance of the adductor muscles in living Bivalves of various genera, 
and compares it with the transverse sections of these muscles; he 
comes to the results that the muscular force of the adductors is, in 
Venus verrucosa , equivalent to 12431 grammes for each square centi- 
meter ; in Pectunculus glycymeris , 10152 ; Mytilus edulis, 7984 ; Ostrea 
edulis, 5867; Pecten maximus, 3786; Cardium edule, 2856 ; Tridacna , 
1595 ; My a arenaria , 1178 ; Pecten opercularis , 530. This force is there- 
fore partly similar to, and partly lower than, that observod in the 
muscles of the Vertebrata. If only the opaque, not transparent, portion 
of the adductor muscles is taken into consideration for this purpose, 
according to tho observations by A. Coutance [see Zool. Rec. xv. Moll. 
p. 9], the numbers become, of course, higher; for example, 13122 in 
Ostrea edulis , and 14923 in Pecten maximus : but even then they do not 
considerably exceed those observed in the muscles of man and of the 
frog. The author, however, thinks that this should not be done, as the 
opaque portion in Tapes , Venus , Cardium, and Mya, forms only a small 
girdle on the external side of the adductor, and in Pectunculus one of 
the adductors is nearly wholly opaque, the other nearly completely trans- 
parent. Bull. Ac. Belg. (3) vii. Nos. 9 & 10. 
The disposition of the muscles in the foot of Solen described by P. S. 
Abraiiam, Ann. N. H. (5) xi. p. 214. 
J. Brock has examined the interstitial connective tissue in several 
Mollusca, especially Aplysia , Pleurobranchus, Pleurobranchcea, Helix, 
Limax, and Avion. It exhibits various degrees of development in these 
genera: in Aplysia punctata, it is very minutely fibrillar ; in the Pulmonata, 
the plasmatic cells prevail, the structureless sheath is well developed, 
and the fibrillae are rather scarce, and often without nuclei. The author 
thinks that this tissue has its origin in the spindle-shaped or ramified 
mesodermic cells in the cavity of the body, and asserts its homology with 
the conjunctive tissue of the Vertebrata. Z. wiss. Zool. xxxix. pp. 1-63, 
pis. i.-iv. 
2 . Digestion. 
The buccal cavity of the Rhipidoglossa, with special regard to its 
glands and goblet-shaped cells, is described by B. Haller, Morph. JB. ix. 
