ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Moll. 21 
Peculiar clefts in the columella of fossil species of Natica ; E. Beyrich, 
SB. nat. Fr. 1883, pp. 3 & 45. Somewhat similar ones in recent shells of 
Buccinum caused by the Cirriped Alcippe ; E. v. Martens, l. c. p. 45. 
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 
a. Land and Fresh-water Mollusca. 
1. Palcearctic Region generally. 
W. Kobelt admits the following Malaco-geographical zones and 
provinces in Europe and the adjacent countries : — 
1. Arctic-boreal zone. 
2. German zone. 
3. Alpine zone, (a) Iberian or Pyrenean province ; (b) Alpine 
s. str. ; (c) Balkan ; (d) Transsylvanian ; (e) Caucasian pro- 
vince. 
4. Mediterranean zone, (a) Mauritanian province, including also 
a part of Spain; (b) Italian; (c) Grecian; (d) Province of 
Asia Minor ; (e) Syrian province. 
He further discusses the probability of former connections by land 
between Europe and Africa, applying the testimony of the present 
distribution of terrestrial Mollusca to this question, and concluding that 
a former communication by land between Carthagena and Oran is 
beyond doubt, one between Sicily and Tunis questionable, and one 
between Turkey in Europe and Asia Minor, including the Sporades, 
probable. The chief testimony for the first of these opinions is that 
many species of Carthagena and Oran are identical, and that some 
species which are found nearly on all coasts of the Mediterranean are 
wanting westwards of Oran and Carthagena. JB. mal. Ges. x. pp. 
97-114. 
The same author gives many additions to the second edition of his 
“ Catalog der in europaischen Faunengebiet lebenden Binnenconcby- 
lien,” consisting chiefly of supposed new species by Bourguignat & others, 
new subgenera and species of Clausilia by Bottger, novelties from Sicily 
by Benoit, &c. ; Nachr. mal. Ges. 1883, pp. 1-25. 
W. Kobelt continues to illustrate little-known or new land shells 
from Southern Europe and the North Coast of Africa in his “ Icono- 
graphio ” (2) i. pp. 33-56, pis. xi.-xx. Species not before figured will be 
mentioned infra. 
2. Northern Russia. 
W. Dybowski gives a list of the literature of the Russian land and 
fresh-water shells, and enumerates the known localities of Paludina vera 
[lister i, Forbes] and fasciata (Mull.) in European Russia ; Mal. Bl. (2) 
vi. pp. 82-86. [These lists are somewhat incomplete. The author does 
not mention the shells found by Ehrenberg, and enumerated in SB. nat. 
