6 Spong. 
sponqij:. 
raised at Key West, Florida. They increased from four to six times in 
bulk in six months. 
Marenzeller (14) gives an abstract of a former paper on the subject 
of Sponge-cultivation. 
Merejknosky (15) finds the red pigment, zoonerythriue, in the follow- 
ing Sponges: — Suberites dnmuncula, Suberites sp., Axinella polypoides , A. 
cannabina, Spongelia sp., Reniera 2 species, Tuber ella tethyoides. He has 
also obtained a new violet pigment, suberitine, from Suberites domuncula. 
It is most abundant in the violet varieties, but not absent from the red 
varieties of this Sponge. Zoonerythrine is a member of the lipochrome 
series ; it is widely diffused in the Animal Kingdom, and present in some 
plants ; its function is respiratory. 
Solger (24) gives a useful review of our present knowledge of the 
physiology of Sponges. 
Classification. 
Yosmaer (29) gives the following revision of the Ceraospongice 
Fam. I. Aplysididje (s. str.). Ciliated chambers not very large, pear- 
shaped ; ultimate ramifications of the exhalent and inhalent canal 
system narrow ; skoloton a more or loss regular network of 
• anastomosing fibres ; walls of the fibres thin ; axis-substance 
thick, no sand ; ground substance of the mesoderm granular. 
Aplysina ; probably also Verongia , Dendrospongia, Ianthella, 
Fam. II. Aplysillidas (= Aplysillince , v. Ledfd.). Ciliated chambers 
large, pouch-shaped ; inhalent canals communicate with the cham- 
bers by means of numerous pores, exhalent canals by one wide 
mouth ; fibres ramified, tree-like, not anastomosing ; axis of fibres 
rather thick, no sand ; ground substance without granules. 
Aplysilla, Dendrilla ; probably also Darwinella. 
Fam. hi. Spongelid^e. Ciliated chambers large, pouch-shaped ; in- 
halent canals communicate with the chambers by means of nume- 
rous pores, exhalent canals by one wide mouth; fibres anasto- 
mosing, to form a regular or irregular network ; axis of fibre thin ; 
main fibres often contain sand; ground substance without 
granules. Spongelia , Velinea. 
Fam. iv. SpONGiDiE. Ciliated chambers small, hemispherical ; inhalent 
canals communicate with the chambers by means of numerous 
pores, exhalent canals by special wide canals ; fibres anastomose 
to form an irregular network ; axis of fibre hardly visible ; main 
fibres often contain saud ; ground substance in the neighbourhood 
of the ciliated chambers with numerous granules ; no filaments. 
Euspongia , Cacospongia f Phyllospongia , Carteriospongia t Stelo- 
spongia. 
Fam. v. Hircinid^e. Ciliated chambers small, hemispherical ; inhalent 
canals communicate with chambers by numerous pores, exhalent 
