and Gh'owth of Monocotyledons. 183 
points where the leaves pass otF from the stem, in the full-grown 
annual stem. In the Croeus, Tulip_, Hyacinth, &c., the leaves 
arise immediately from the base of the flattened stem situated at 
the bottom of the bulb ; the fibres of the peduncle of these plants 
become developed upwards with the growth of the part in which 
they are placed, their inferior extremities retaining their relations 
unaltered below. In the Tiger Lily, Crown Imperial, &c., the 
leaves are borne upon the elongated stem, and in Asparagus 
branching of the stem takes place ; in this form the lower part 
of the stem retains the bulb-like character, and the ascending 
portions of the fibro-vascular bundles become developed upward 
in the stem before passing into the leaves. 
Such stems, examined without reference to the bulb and in 
the full-grown state, would be liable to be taken for instances of 
an endogenous growth, since the fibres of the lowest leaves or 
branches are most external, and those going to the younger 
leaves and flowers, situated in the centre ; but by tracing them 
downward to the base in the bulb, we there find them crossing 
to get outside the older fibres. Some of the fibres in the upper 
part of the stem appear to possess no inferior tract ; these may be 
supposed to originate subsequently during the growth of the 
flowering-stem, and do not interfere with the general character 
of the structm*e. 
In speaking of crossing, it must always be recollected that 
this term is used rather loosely, as the upper bundles take very 
variable courses to get to the outer side of the lower ones ; some- 
times their lower tract is found on the side opposite to that on 
which they ascend, and they succeed one another spirally, so 
that it is only here and there that a section will exhibit a direct 
crossing like that usually shown in diagrams. 
In the above-mentioned plants the annnal stem may be re- 
garded as an inflorescence. In the Grasses and in Trades- 
cantia we find several internodes in the annual stem ; the fibro- 
vascular bundles interlace at the nodes, at these points also new 
fibres arise, and roots are often given ofi*. These nodes may be 
compared to bulbs succeeding one another upw^ards at intervals 
in the stem. In the creeping rhizomata of many Monocotyle- 
dons we have examples of bulbs thus succeeding one another; 
only in such cases they are axillary and not terminal, and they are 
the buds provided for the next yearns growth, retained in con- 
nexion with the old stem instead of being shed like the cloves of 
true bulbs. In most instances they are sessile one upon another ; 
but in Sparganium ramosum we have an example of bulbs suc- 
ceeding one another with internodes developed, and thus we get, 
in a perennial monocotyledonous stem, an analogue of the annual 
stem of a Grass or of Tradescantia ; for the principal difference 
