IX 
(Ophioglossaciese), the vernation is erect. It is entire 
(Aspl. ensiforme, P. membranaceum) when altogether 
without cutting. When cut— the cutting estimated from 
the ultimate or final divisions, — it is pinnatifid when cut 
less than down to midrib or rachis, (Aspl. alternans, P. 
ebenipes, amsenum) pinnate when cut down completely 
to rachis into separate sessile or unstalked pinna}, (Pteris 
longifolia, Woodsia elongata), stalked below, sessile above 
(Aspl. longifolium) stalked (Ad. lunulatum, Aspl. Tricho- 
manes, Aspidium falcatum). 
When the pinna is again partially or completely 
cut to its rachis, bi or twice is prefixed, and the frond is 
in the former case bipinnatijid (Aspl. japonicum Nephr. 
canum and Filix Mas. P. auriculatum and appendicu- 
latum) bipinnate in the second instance ( Nephr. barbi- 
gerum Aspid aculeatum); cut partially, or completely to 
this third rachis, it is tri (thrice) pinnatifid ( Aspl. poly- 
podiodes, D. urophylla) tripinnate (Aspl. nitidum ) res- 
pectively. Similarly divided partially or quite to fourth 
rachis, the cutting is quadri — (fourth) pinnatifid (D. chte- 
rophylla Aspl. fimbriatum, Onychium japonicum) quadri 
pinnate, (D. nodosa). A frond almost bipinnate is bipin- 
natifid only. If Onychium japonicum or any other finely 
divided frond be taken, and division by division broken off 
from the main stem, we have a ready illustration in 
cutting. 
13 . The following peculiarities of habit and growth 
are convenient to remember : — 
c 
