Vll 
7. Ferns may be discovered which are not included 
in this Guide. If not variations, they will either be known 
neighbouring species, extending into this region from 
south, west, or north ; or altogether new. These may be 
referred to some experienced friend, or if not then identi- 
fied in Synopsis Filicum, referred to the Herbarium at 
Kew, in a complete state with root, &c., and in fructifi- 
cation not too far advanced ; if possible, fronds in different 
stages should be forwarded. 
8. So much difficulty is often experienced through 
not obtaining definite ideas of the exact meaning of scien- 
tific terms from a glossary alone, that the following botan- 
ical explanations with illustrative local examples, will 
no doubt be found to facilitate the preliminary study of 
pteridology. 
9. Ferns, thus, have a root , cciudex or large, 
stipe or small, stem, and a frond ; and in Lygodiums a 
petiole or pinnule stalk. The caudexhas (based) scales at 
base, and is sometimes arborescent, forming a tree, as in 
Cyathea, Hemitelia, Alsophilla, and in some Dicksonias. 
10. The root is descending like other plants, or a 
rhizome, creeping either above ground as in most Daval- 
lias, or beneath (Ilypogceous underground) as in D. im- 
mersa, Polypodium urophyllum, &c. ; villose as in P. punc- 
tatum, &c. The mode of junction of stem and caudex 
divides ferns into two series ; Desmobryoicl when these are 
continuous one with the other, as in Asplenium, Nephro- 
