flower ftrong the fecond year after they "are taken from . 
the roots ; bat in order to have plenty of thefe, the 
- roots fiiould not be tranfpknted oftener than every 
third year, by which time each root will have put 
out feveral offsets, fome of which will be large enough 
to flower the following year, fo may be planted in the 
borders of the flower-garden, where they are to re- 
main • and the fmaller roots may be planted in a nur- 
lery-bed, to grow a year or two according to their 
fize •, therefore they fhould be forted, and the.fmalleft 
roots planted in a bed together, which fhould remain 
there two years, and the larger by thertffelves to Hand 
one year, by which time they will have acquired 
ftrength enough to flower, fo may then be removed 
into the pleafure-garden. 
The time for taking up thefe roots is in the begin- 
ning of July, when their ftalks will be decayed; 
and they may be kept out of the ground two months, 
but they fhould be laid Angle in a dry fhady room, 
but not in heaps, or in a moift place, which will caufe 
them to grow mouldy and rot. The offsets fhould be 
firft planted, . for as thefe are fmall, they will be apt 
to fhrink if they are kept long out of the ground. 
As the foots are large, they muft not be planted 
too near other flowers ; and when they are planted in 
beds by themfelves, they fhould not be nearer than a 
foot and a half in the rows, and two feet row from 
row ; they fhould be planted fix inches deep at leaft, 
efpecially the ftrong roots : they delight in a light 
foil, hot too wet, nor very full of dung ; therefore, 
if any dung is laid upon the borders where they are 
planted, it fhould be buried pretty deep, fo as to be 
two or three inches below the roots. 
The ninth and tenth forts grow naturally at the Cape 
of Good Hope, from whence they were brought into 
the European gardens. The ninth has been many 
years an inhabitant, where it has been ufually titled 
Corona Regalis. This has a tuberofe root, from which 
afife in the autumn fix or eight obtufe leaves, near 
five inches long and two broad toward the top, grow- 
ing narrower at their bafe, and are crenated on their 
borders, lying flat on the ground ; thefe continue all 
the winter : in the fpring arifes the flower-ftalk in the 
center of the leaves, about fix inches high, naked at 
the bottom ; but the upper part is furrounded by 
bell-fhaped flowers, compofed of fix greenifh petals, 
with an oval germen fituate at the bottom, furrounded 
by fix ftamina, fupporting a triangular ftyle, crowned 
by a trifid ftigma; the germen afterwards becomes a 
roundifh capfule, but rarely perfeffs feeds in England. 
This flowers in April, and the leaves decay in June. 
The fecond fort I raifed from feeds, which were fent 
me from the Cape of Good Hope : the root of this is 
like that of the ninth fort, but the leaves are more 
than a foot long, broad at their bafe, but are narrowed 
to the top, where they end in acute points ; the flower- 
ftalk rifes rather higher than that of the ninth, but 
the Sowers are of the fame fhape and colour : this 
feidom flowers till Auguft. The roots of this fort 
were ftolen out of the Chelfea garden the following 
fpring after it had flowered, and were fold to fome 
perfons whofe love for rare plants exceeded their ho- 
FRITILLARIA CRASSA. See Asclepias. 
F ROM DOSE [frondofus, Lat.~\ full of leaves, 
• or ffioots. 
FROST may be defined to be an exceffive cold ftate 
©f the weather, whereby the motion and fluidity of 
the liquors are fufpended ; or, it is that ftate of the 
air, &c. whereby fluids are converted into ice. 
s'. By froft metals contract, or are fliortened. Monf. 
Auzout found by an experiment, that an iron tube 
twelve feet long, upon being expofed to the air in a 
froftv night, loft two lines of its length but this may 
be fuppofed to be wholly the effecft of cold. 
On the contrary, froft does not contract fluids, but, 
- on the other hand, fwells or dilates them near one 
tenth of their bulk. 
Mr. Boyle gives us feveral experiments of veffels made 
of mejals exceeding thick and ftrong, which being 
filled with water, clofe flopped, and expofed to the 
cold, the water, being expanded by freezing, and not 
finding either room or vent, burft the veffels. 
A ftrong barrel of a gun, with water in it, being flop- 
ped clofe, and frozen, was rent the whole length • 
and a fmall brafs veffel, five inches deep, and two in, 
diameter, filled with water, &c. and frozen, lifted 
up its lid, which was preffed with a weight of fifty-fix 
pounds. 
There are alfo related many remarkable effe&s of 
froft on vegetables. Morery, Hift. de France, fays. 
That trees are frequently fcorched and burnt up 
with froft, as with the moft exceffive heat, and that 
even in fo warm a climate as Provence. 
Mr. Bobart relates, That in the great froft anno 
1683, Oaks, Allies, Walnut-trees, &c. were mifera- 
bly fplit and cleft, fo as they might be feen through, 
and this too with terrible noifes like the explofion of 
fire arms ; that the clifts were not only in the bodies, 
but continued to the larger boughs, roots, &c. 
Philof. Tranfaft. M° 105. 
Dr. Derham fays, That the froft in 1708, was re- 
markable through the greateft part of Europe ; and 
the greateft in- degree, if not the moft univerfal, in the 
memory of man ; that it extended throughout Eng- 
land, France, Germany, Denmark, Italy, &c. but 
was fcarce felt in Scotland and Ireland. All the 
Orange-trees and Olives in Italy, Provence, &e. and 
all the Walnut-trees throughout France, with an in- 
finity of other trees, perifhed by the froft. 
Monf. Gouteron fays. They had a gangrene on them, 
which he takes to be the effect of a corrofive fait, 
which corrupted and deftroyed their texture. He adds. 
That there is fo much refemblance between the gan- 
grene befalling plants through froft, and that which 
the parts of animals are liable to, that they muft have 
fome analogous caufe. Corrofive humours burn the 
parts of animals, and the aereal nitre, condenfed, has 
the fame effects on the parts of plants. Memoires de 
1 ’ Academie Royale de Sciences, an. 1709. 
Dr. Derham fays, That the greateft fufferers in the 
animal kingdom were birds and infefts, but vegeta- 
bles were much the greateft fufferers ; that few of the 
tender forts of vegetables efcaped the feverity of the 
froft ; Bays, Laurels, Rofemary, Cyprefs, Alaternufes, 
Phillyreas, Arbutufes, Lauruftinufes, and even Furz, 
with moft fort of the frutefcent herbs, as Lavenders, 
Abrotanums, Rue, Thyme, &c. were generally de- 
ftroyed. He adds, that the fap of the finer wall- 
fruit was fo congealed and deftroyed, that it ftagnat- 
ed in the limbs and branches, and produced difor- 
ders like to chilblains in human bodies, which would 
turn to mortifications in many parts of the trees ; 
that the very buds of the finer trees, both in the leaf, 
buds, and bloffom buds, w'ere quite killed, and dried 
into a farinacious matter. 
Dr. Derham relates it as a common obfervation. 
That vegetables buffered more from the fun than from 
the froft, in that the fun-lhine, melting the fnow, 
and opening the ground, left it more expofed to the 
rigour of the enfuing night. It was likewife obferved, 
at a meeting of the Royal Society, That the calamities 
which befel trees, arofe not purely from their being 
frozen, but principally from the winds lhaking and 
rocking them when they are frozen, which rent and 
parted their fibres. Philof. Tranfabt N° 324. 
Hoar froft, or white froft, is the dew frozen, or 
congealed early in cold mornings, chiefly in autumn. 
This (as Mr. Regis obferves) is an affemblage of little 
parcels of ice or cryftals, which are of various figures, 
according to the difpofition of the vapours which meet 
and are condenfed by cold. 
Dew is, to all appearance, the matter of hoar froft, 
though many of the Cartefians fuppofe it to be formed 
of a cloud, and either congealed in the cloud, and fo 
let fall, or ready to be congealed as foon as it arrives 
at the earth. 
In the year 1 72 8-9, there was a remakable froft, which 
continued for fome months, and deftroyed a great 
number of trees and plants in feveral parts of Europe, 
a brief 
