FRA 
In the ip ring 6f the year 1724, there was fcarce any 
rain from February till about the middle of July, fo 
that moft of the Strawberries and Rafp berries in the 
gardens near London, were burnt up, and came to no 
perfection •, but upon plenty of rain falling in July, 
they recovered and put out plenty of flowers, which 
were fucceeded by fruit, which ripened in Septem- 
ber, when the markets of London were fupplied with 
a great plenty of both thofe fruits at that feafon of the 
year. 
FRANGULA. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 612. tab. 383. 
Rhamnus. Lin. Gen. Plant. 235. [is fo called of 
frangendo, breaking, becaufe of the brittlenefs of 
its wood.] Berry-bearing Alder. 
The Characters are, 
The empalernent of the flower is of one leaf, \ cut at the 
top into five fegments , which are ereEt. The flower hati> 
one petal , which is cut into five acute fegments thefle 
are placed between the fegments of the empalernent, into 
which they are infer ted , but are fhorter , and ftand 
ereSl. It hath five ftamina , which are the length of 
the petal , terminated by obtufe fummits ; in the center 
is fituated a globular germen , fupporting a fender ftyle , 
crowned by an obtufe fiigma. The germen afterward be- 
comes a round berry , inclofing two plain roundifh feeds. 
This genus of plants is ranged in the lecond iedion 
of Tournefort’s twenty-firft clafs, which includes the 
trees and fhrubs with a Rofe flower, whofe pointal 
turns to a berry. Dr. Linnaeus has joined this genus 
with the Paliurus, Alaternus, and Ziziphus, to the 
Rhamnus, making them only fpecies of one genus ; 
but according to his own fyftem, they (hould be fe- 
parated to a great diftance from Rhamnus, and be 
placed in his twenty-fecond clafs, becaufe it hath 
male and female flowers on different plants ; whereas 
it is placed in the firft fedion cf his fifth clafs, from 
the flower having five ftamina and but one ftyle. 
The Species are, 
1. Frangula {Aims) foliis ovato-lanceolatis glabris. 
Frangula with oval , fpear-fhaped , fmooth leaves. Fran- 
gula, five alnus, nigra baccifera. Park. Theat. Black 
Berry-bearing Alder. 
2. Frangula {Latifolia) foliis lanceolatis rugofis. Fran- 
gula with rough fpear-fhaped leaves. Frangula riigo- 
liore & ampliore folio. Tourn. Berry-bearing Alder 
with a larger and rougher leaf. 
3. Frangula ( Rotundifolia ) foliis ovatis nervofis. Fran- 
gula with oval veined leaves. Frangula montana pu- 
mila faxatilis, folio fubrotundo. Tourn. Low moun- 
tain, rocky, berry -bearing Alder, with a round leaf. 
4. Frangula {Americana) foliis oblongo-ovatis ner- 
vofis, glabris. Frangula with oblong , oval , fmooth veined 
leaves. Frangula Americana foliis glabris. Dale. 
American Berry -bearing Alder with fmooth leaves. 
The firft fort grows naturally in the woods in many 
parts of England, fo is feldorn planted in gardens 
this rifes with a woody ftem to the height of ten or 
twelve feet, fending out many irregular branches, 
which are covered with a dark bark, and garniftied 
with oval fpear-fhaped leaves, about two inches long, 
and one inch broad, having feveral tranfverfe veins 
from the midrib to the fides, and ftand upon fhort 
foot-ftalks. The flowers are produced in clufters at 
the end of the former year’s (hoots, and alfo upon the 
firft and fecond joints of the fame year’s (hoot, each 
(landing upon a fhort feparate foot-ftalk, on every 
fide the branches •, thefe are very frnall, of an herba- 
ceous colour, and do not expand •, they are fucceeded 
by frnall round berries, which turn firft red, but af- 
terward black when ripe. The flowers appear in June, 
and the berries ripen in September •, this (lands in 
the Difpenfary as a medicinal plant, but is feldorn 
ufed. 
The fecond fort hath larger rough leaves than the 
firft. It grows naturally on the Alps and other 
• mountainous parts of Europe, and is preferved in 
Tome gardens for the fake of variety. 
The third fort is of humble growth, feldorn rifing 
above two feet high •, this grows on the Pyrenean 
Mountains, and is feldorn preferved unlefs in botanic 
F R. A 
gardens for variety,; it may be increafed by laying 
down the branches, but muft have a ftrong foil. 
The fourth fort grows naturally in North America* 
from whence I received the feeds ; this is pretty like 
the firft fort, but the leaves are longer and broader 5 
they are fmooth, of a lucid green, and have many 
veins. The flowers are very like thofe of the firft lore. 
Thefe fhrubs are eafily propagated by feeds, which 
fhould be fown as foon as they are ripe, and then Pie- 
plants will come up the fpring following ; but if they 
are kept out of the ground till fpring, the plants will 
not come up till the year after. When the plants 
come up, they muft be kept clean from weeds till 
autumn, then they may be taken up and planted in a 
nu-rfery in rows, two feet afunder, and at one fool 
diftance in the rows ; in this nurfery they may remain 
two years, and may then be planted where they are 
to remain ; they may alfo be propapated by layers'.and 
- cuttings, but the feedling plants are bed. 
The fruit of the firft fort is often brought into the 
markets of London, and fold for Buckthorn berries ; 
of which cheat, all fuch as make fyrup of Buckthorn 
fhould; be particularly careful ; they may be eafily dif- 
tinguifned by breaking the berries, and obferving how 
many feeds 'are contained in each, the berries of this 
tree having but two, and thofe of Buckthorn gene- 
rally four feeds in each berry, and the juice of the 
latter dies paper of a green colour. 
FRAXINELLA. "See Dictamnus. 
FRAXINUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 1026. Tourn. Inft. 
R. H. 577. tab. 343. The Afh-tree ; in French, 
Frene. 
The Characters are, 
It hath hermaphrodite and female flowers on the fami 
tree , and fometimes on different trees. The hermaphro- 
dite flowers have no petals , but a frnall four-pointed era - 
palement , including two erect ftamina , which are termi- 
nated by oblong fummits , having four furrows. In the center 
is fituated an oval comprefed germen, fupporting a cylin- 
drical ftyle, crowned by a bifid ftigma. The germen after- 
ward becomes a compreffed bordered fruit, Jhaped like a 
bird's tongue, having one cell, inclofing a feed of the 
fame form. The female flowers are the fame, but have 
no ftamina. 
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedion 
of Linnaeus’s twenty-third clafs, which includes the 
plants which have flowers of different fexes on the 
fame or different plants, which are fruitful. 
The Species are, 
1. Fraxinus {Excelfior) foiiolis ferratis, floribus ape- 
talis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1057. Afh-tree whofe fmdlkr leaves 
are fler rated, and flowers having no petals. Fraxinus 
excelfior. C. B. P. 416. The common AJh. 
2. Fraxinus ( Rotundifolia ) foiiolis ovato-lanceolatis fer- 
ratis, floribus coloratis. Afh-tree whofe fmatler leaves 
are oval, fpear-fhaped, and fawed, and the flowers co- 
loured. Fraxinus rotundiore folio. C. B. P. 41b. 
Afs-tree with a rounder leaf, commonly called Manna AJh. 
3. Fraxinus {Ornus) foiiolis ferratis, floribus colora- 
tis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1057. Afh-tree whofe fnaller leaves 
are fawed, and flowers having petals. Fraxinus hu- 
milior five altera Theophrafti, minore & tenuiore 
folio. C. B. P. 416. Dwarf AJh ofTheophrafuswilh 
fnaller and narrower leaves. 
4. Fraxinus {Paniculata) foiiolis lanceolatis glabris, flo- 
ribus paniculatis terminatricibus. Afh-tree with fmooth 
fpear-fhaped leaves, and flowers growing in ‘panicles at 
the ends of the branches. Fraxinus fiorifera botryoides. 
Mor. Prael. 265. The flowering, AJh. 
5. Fraxinus (Nova Anglia) fcholis integerrimis, pen- 
olis teretibus. Flor. Virg. 122. Afh-tree with the frnall 
leaves entire, and taper foot-ftalks. Fraxinus ex. Nova 
Anglia, pinnis foliorum in mucronem produdioribus. 
Rand. Cat. ITort. Chelf. New England AJh with long 
acute points to the wings of the leaves. 
.61 Fraxinus {Carolinidna) integerrimis petiolis tefreti- 
bus frudu latiore. Prod. Leyd. 533. Afh-tree with 
entire leaves and taper foot-ftalks. Fraxinus Carol ini- 
ana, latiore frudu. Rand. Cat. H, Chelf. Carolina 
AJh with a broad fruit . , 
The 
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