G R A 
For the further management of Grafs in fields, fee 
Pasture and Meadow; and for that in gardens, fee 
Grass. 
Clover-grafs. See Irifolium. 
Saint-foin. See Onpbrychis, or Hedysarum. 
La Lucerne. See Medica. 
Nonefuch, See Melilot-us, or Trifolium. 
Trefoil. See Trifolium. 
Spurry. See Spergula. 
GRANADILLA. See Passiflora. 
GRAPES. See Vitis. 
GRASS. The Englifti Grafs is of la good a qua- 
lity for walks or Grafs-plats, that if they be kept in 
good order, they have that exquilite beauty that they 
cannotcome up toin b ranee, andfeveralothei countries. 
But green walks and green plats are, for the moft 
part, not made by fowing tne Grais-ieed, but by lay- 
ing turfs ; and, indeed, the turfs from a fine common 
or down, are much preferable to fown Grafs. 
In fowing a fine green plat, there is a difficulty in get- 
ting good feed ; it ought not to be fuch as is taken 
out of the hay-loft without diftindtion ; for that feed 
ffiooting too high and making large ftalks, the lower 
part will be naked and bare ; and although it be mow- 
ed ever fo often, it will never make handfome Grafs ; 
but, on the contrary, will come to nothing but tufts 
of weeds and Quick-grafs, very little better than that 
cf the common fields. 
If walks or plats be made by fowing, the beft way 
is to procure the feed from thofe paftures where the 
Grafs is naturally fine and clear, or elfe the trouble of 
keeping it from fpiry and benty Grafs will be very 
great, and it will Icarce ever look handfome. 
In order to fow Grafs-feed, the ground muft be firft 
dug or broken up with a fpade ; and when it has been 
dreffed and laid even, it mult be very finely raked 
over, and all the clods and ftones taken off, and co- 
vered over an inch thick with good mould, to facili- 
tate the growth of the feed ; this being done, the feed 
is to be fown pretty thick, that it may come up clofe 
and ffiort ; and it muft be raked over again to bury 
and cover the feed, that if the weather Ihould hap- 
pen to be windy, it may not be blown away. 
As to the feafon of fowing Grafs, the middle or lat- 
ter end of Auguft is a good time, becaufe the feed 
naturally requires nothing but moifture to make it 
grow : if be" not fown till the latter end of February, 
or the beginning of March, if the weather proves dry, 
it will not fo foon make the walks or quarters green. 
It is alfo beft to fow it in a mild day, and inclining to 
rain ; for that, by finking down the feed in the earth, 
will caufe it to fhoot the looner. But where Grafs is 
fown in gardens, either for lawns or walks, there 
ihould always be a good quantity of the White 1 re- 
foil or Dutch Clover fown with it, for this will make 
a fine turf much fooner than any other fown Grafs, 
and will continue a better verdure than any of the 
Grafs tribe. 
After the feed is well come up, and the Grafs is very 
thick and of a beautiful green, it will require a con- 
ftant care to keep it in order : this confifts in mowing 
the Grafs often, for the oftener it is mowed, the 
thicker and handfomer it grows ; it muft alfo be rolled 
with a cylinder or roller of wood, to level it as much 
as pcffible. 
If Grafs be neglected, it will run into Quick-grafs 
and weeds ; and if it does fo, there is no way to re- 
cover it, but either by fowing it, or laying it over 
again, and that once in every two years ; but if the 
ground be well cleared from the roots of ftrong weeds, 
and the turf be taken from a fine level common, it 
will continue handfome for feveral years, provided it 
be well kept. 
In order to keep Grafs-plats or walks handfome and 
in good order, in autumn you may fow fome freffi 
feed over any places that are not well filled, or where 
the Grafs is dead, to renew and furnifh them again ; 
but there is nothing which improves Grafs fo much as 
conftant rolling and polling it, to deftroy wormcafts, 
and thereby the turf is rendered fine . 
G R A 
It is a general practice when turf is laid in gardens, ia 
cover the furface of the ground under the turf, either 
with fand or very poor earth ; the defign of this is to 
keep the Grafs fine, by preventing its growing too 
rank. This' is proper enough for very rich ground,- 
but is not fo for fuch land as is but middling or poor ; 
for when this is practifed in fuch places, the Grafs 
will foon wear out, and decay m patches. 
When turf is taken from a common or down, there 
fhould be regard had to the cieannefs of it, and' not 
to take fuch as is full of weeds : for it will be a very 
tedious piece of work, to weed them out after the 
turf is laid ; and unlels this is done, the Grafs will ne- 
ver appear handfome. 
Where turf is defigned to remain for years without 
renewing, there ihould be dreffing laid upon it every 
other year, either of very rotten dung, afhes, or, where 
it can be eafily procured, very rotten tan, is a good 
dreffing for Grafs ; but thefe dreffings ihould be laid 
on early in winter, that the rain may waih them into 
the ground, before the drought of the fpring comes 
on, otherwife they will occafion the Grafs to burn 
when the warmth of fu turner begins. Where Grafs is 
fo dreffed, and kept well rolled and mowed, it may 
be kept very beautiful for many years ; but where it is 
not dreffed or fed with fheep, it will rarely continue 
handfome more than eight or ten years. 
GRATIOLA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 27. Raii Meth. 
Plant. 90. Digitalis. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 165. Hedge 
Hyffop. 
The Characters are, 
! The flower hath a permanent empalement , which is cut 
into five parts ; it hath one petal of the grinning kind , 
with a tube longer than the empalement , cut at the top 
into four J mall figments , the upper being broader and in- 
dented at the end zvhere it is reflexed ; the other three are 
erett a.nd equal. It hath five awl-floaped ftamina , three 
of which are Jhorter than the petal , and fleril ; the other 
two are longer , and adhere to the tube of the petal ; thefe 
are fruitful in male dufl ; they are terminated by roundifh 
fummits. In the center is fituated a conical germcn, flip- 
porting an ere It ftyle , crowned by a fiigma with two 
lips , which clofe after being fecundated. I'he germen af- 
terward becomes an oval capfule aiding in a pointy having 
two cells which are filled with f mall feeds. 
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of 
Linnaeus’s fecond clafs, intitled Diandria Monogynia, 
which includes thofe plants whofe flowers have! but 
two ftamina and one ftyle, for he does not efteera 
the three barren ftamina as worthy notice. 
The Species are, 
1. Gratiola {Officinalis) fioribus pedunculatis, foliis 
lanceolatis ferratis. Lin. Mat. Med. 18. Hedge Hyffiop 
with flowers funding on foot-flalks , and fpear-foaped 
leaves. Digitalis minima Gratiolata di&a. Mor. Hift. 
2. 479. Leaf Foxglove , called Gratiola. 
2. Gratiola ( Virginiana ) foliis lanceolatis obtufis fub 
dentatis. Flor. Virg. 6. Hedge Hyffiop with obtufl in- 
dented leaves. * 
3. Gratiola {Peruviana) fioribus fubfeffilibus. Lin. Sp. 
Plant. 17. Hedge Hyffiop with flowers fitting clofe to the 
branches. Gratiola latiore folio flore albo. FeuilL 
Peruv. 
The firft fort grows naturally on the Alps, and other 
mountainous parts of Europe. This hath a thick, 
fleffiy, fibrous, creeping root, which propagates very 
much when planted in a proper foil and fituation, from 
which arife feveral upright fquare ftalks, near a foot 
high, garnifhed with narrow fpear-fhaped leaves placed 
oppofite ; the flowers are produced on the fide of the 
ftalks at each joint, they are Inaped like thofe of the 
Foxglove, but are fmall, and of a pale yellowifh co- 
lour. Thefe appear in July, but are feldom fuc- 
ceeded by feeds in England. 
It is eafily propagated by parting of the roots ; the 
beft time to do this is in the autumn, when the ftalks 
decay ; the plants fhould have a moift foil and a fliady 
fituation, in which they will thrive exceedingly ; but 
in dry ground they often decay in fummer, unlefs they 
are plentifully watered. 
Ji® 
This 
