H E L 
Mott of the perennial forts of Dwarf Ciftus are hardy, fo 
will thrive in the open air in England ; they are pro- 
pagated by feeds, which may be fown in places where 
the plants are to remain, and will require no other 
care but to keep them clean from weeds, and thin them 
where they are too clofe, always obferving to leave 
thofe forts at a farther diftance, whofe ftalks trail on 
the ground, and grow to the greateft length. Thefe 
plants will continue feveral years, efpecially in a poor 
dry foil •, but in rich ground or moift flotations, they 
feldom laft long : but as they ripen feeds in plenty, 
fo they may be eafily repaired. They all flower about 
the fame time as the common fort, and their feeds ri- 
pen in the autumn. 
The annual forts may be propagated with as great 
facility •, for if their feeds are fown upon a bed of com- 
mon earth in April, the plants will come up in May, 
and require no other culture, but to thin them where 
they are too clofe, and keep them clear from weeds. 
Thefe will flower in July, and the feeds ripen in the 
autumn. The twenty-fecond fort will thrive in the 
full ground in the fame manner as the other ; but un- 
lefs the fummer proves favourable, the feeds will not 
ripen : the roots have flood through the winter when 
the feafon has proved mild, without any fhelter, and 
have flowered the following fummer. 
The twenty-fourth fort .requires a fhady fituation, 
otherwife it will not thrive here. 
HELIANTHUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 877. Corona 
folis. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 489. tab. 2 79. [of "Ha*©- 5 , 
the fun, and a flower,] i. e. Sun-flower ; in 
French, Solid. 
This genus of plants was titled Corona folis, by moft 
of the botanic writers ; but this being a compound 
name. Dr. Linnsus has altered it to this of Helian- 
thus : it has alfo by fome been titled Heliotropium, 
which name is now applied to another genus of plants, 
very different from this. 
The Characters are. 
It hath a compound radiated flower , the border or rays 
being compofcd of female half-florets , which are barren , 
and the difk of hermaphrodite florets , which are fruitful : 
thefe are contained in one common fcaly empalement , whofe 
fcales are broad at their bafe , pointed at their ends , and 
. expand. The hermaphrodite florets are cylindrical , fuell- 
ing at their bafe , cut at the brim into five acute feg- 
ments , which fpread open ; thefe have five Jlamina which 
are curved at bottom , as long as the tube , and termi- 
nated by tubulous fummits. The germen , which is fitu- 
cited at the bottom of the tube , fupports a fender ftyle the 
length of the tube , crowned by a reflexed ftigma , divided 
in two parts the germen afterward becomes an oblong , 
blunt, four-cornered feed. The female half florets, which 
compofe the border , are ftretched out cn one fide like a 
tongue , which is long and entire ; thefe have a ger- 
men in the bottom , but no fly le or Jlamina , and are not 
fruitful. 
This genus of plants is ranged in the third feftion of 
Linnams’s nineteenth clafs, in which he includes thofe 
plants whofe flowers are compofed of hermaphrodite 
fruitful flowers in the center, and female barren 
flowers in the circumference. 
The Species are, 
1. Helianthus {Annum) foliis omnibus cordatis tri- 
nervatis, fioribus cernuis. Lin. Sp. 1276. Sun-flower, 
whofe leaves are all heart-fhaped, with three veins and 
a nodding floiver. Corona folis. Tabern, Icon. 763. 
and the Helenium Indicum maximum. C. B. P. 2 76. 
Greateft Indian Sun-flower, commonly called annual Sun- 
flower. 
1. Helianthus {Mult for is) foliis inferioribus cordatis 
trinervatis, fuperioribus ovatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1277. 
Sunflower whofe under leaves are heart-fhaped, with 
three veins, and the upper leaves oval. Corona folis 
minor feemina. Tabern. Icon, 764. Leffer female Sun- 
flower, commonly called perennial Sunflower. 
3. Helianthus ( Tuberofus ) foliis ovato- cordatis tripli- 
nerviis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1277. Sunflower with oval 
heart-fhaped leaves with three nerves. Corona folis par- 
vq flare tuberosi radice. Tourn. Inft. 489. Sun- 
H E L 
flower with a fmall flower and a tuberous root, commonly 
called Jerufalem Artichoke in French, Taupinambours. 
4. Helianthus. ( Strumofis ) radice fuffi forffii. Hort. 
Cliff. 420. Sunflower with a fpindle-fhaped root. Co- 
rona folis latifolia altifiima. Tourn. Inft. 489. Tatteft 
broad-leaved Sunflower. 
5. Helianthus {Giganteus) foliis alternis lanceolatis fca- 
bris, baft ciliatis, caule ftrifto fcabro. Lin. Sp. Plant. 
1278. Sunflower with fpear-Jhaped leaves, and a fender 
rough ftalk. Chryfanthemum Virginianum altiffi- 
mum anguftifolium puniceis caulibus. Mor. Hift. 3. 
p. 24. Tatteft Virginia Chryfanthemum, with a narrow 
leaf and purple ftalks. 
6. Helianthus ( Divaricattis ) folds oppofitis feffilibus 
ovato oblongis trinerviis, panicula dichotoma. Lin. 
Sp. Plant. 1279. Sunflower with oblong , oppofite , oval 
leaves , having three veins fitting clofe to the ftalk, and 
a forked panicle. Chryfanthemum, Virginianum re- 
pens, foliis afperis binatim feffilibus acuminatis. Mor. 
Hift. 3. p. 22. Creeping Virginia Chrfyanthemum, with 
rough-pointed leaves, fitting clofe by pairs. 
7. Helianthus (' Trachelif alius ) foliis lanceolatis oppo- 
fitis, fuperrie fcabris, inferne trinerviis, caule dicho- 
tomo ramofo. Sunflower with fpear-fhaped leaves placed 
oppofite, whofe upper furface is rough , the under having 
three veins and a divided ftalk. Corona folis trachelii 
folio, radice repente. Tourn. Inft. 490. Sunflower 
with a Throatwort leaf, and a creeping root. 
8. Helianthus (3 Ramofljfmus) caule ramofiffimo, foliis 
lanceolatis fcabris, inferioribus oppofitis, fummis al- 
ternis petiolatis, calycibus foliofis. Sunflower vJith a 
very branching ftalk , rough fpear-fhaped leaves placed op- 
pofite at bottom, but alternate toward the top, having 
foot-ftalks , and leafy empalement s. Corona folis trachelii 
folio tenuiore, calyce floris foliate. Ad. Phil. N° 412. 
Sunflower with a narrow Throatwort leaf, and a leafy 
flower-cup. 
9. Helianthus {Atrorubens) foliis ovatis crenatis tri- 
nerviis fcabris, fquamis calycinis eredis longitudine 
difei Flor. Virg. 103. Sunflower with oval , rough , 
crenated leaves , having three nerves, the fcales of the 
empalement being erett, and as long as the difk of the 
flower. Corona folis Caroliniana, parvis fioribus, 
folio trinervi ample afpero, pediculo alato. Martyn. 
Cent. 1. 20. Carolina Sunflower with fmall flowers, 
large rough leaves having three veins, and a winded foot - 
ftalk. 6 J 
10. Helianthus (. Decapetalus ) caule inferne Isevi, folis 
lanceolato-cordatis, radiis decapetalis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 
905. Sunflower with a fmooth ftalk, heart fpear-fhaped 
leaves, fmooth on their upper fide, and ten petals in the rays . 
All thefe fpecies of Sun-flowers are natives of Ame- 
rica, from whence we are often fupplied with new 
kinds ; and it is very remarkable, that there is not a 
Angle fpecies of this genus that is European * fo that 
before America was difeovered, we were wholly un- 
acquainted with thefe plants. But although they are 
not originally of our own growth, yet they are become 
fo familiar to our climate, as to thrive and increafe 
full as well as if they were in their native country, 
(fome of the very late flowering kinds excepted, which 
require a longer fummer than we generally enjoy, to 
bring them to perfection ;) and many of them are now 
fo plentiful in England, that perfons unacauainted 
with the hiftory of thefe plants, would imagine them 
at leaft to have been inhabitants of this ifland many 
hundred years ; particularly the Jerufalem Artichoke, 
which, though it doth not produce feeds in our cli- 
mate, yet doth fo multiply by its knobbed roots, 
that, when once well fixed in a garden, it is not eafily 
to be rooted out. 1 
The firft fort is annual, and fo well known as to re- 
quire no defcripticn. There are fingle and double 
flowers of two different colours, one of a deeo yel- 
low, and the other of a fulphur colour • but thefe 
vary, fo are not worthy to be mentioned as different 
They are eafily propagated by feeds, which fliould be 
fown in March, upon a bed of common earth ; and 
when the plants pome up, they muft be thinned where 
they are too clofe, and kept dean from weeds • when 
6 Q. 5 the 
