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nut •, but the lliell is not furrowed, and is of a light 
colour. 
The .fifth fort is not fo large as the fourth. The 
leaves are composed of two pair of lobes, terminated 
by, an odd .one , thefe are narrow at their bafe, but 
broad and rounded at their ends , they are fawed on 
their edges, and are of a light green. The nuts are 
fmall, have , a fmooth fhell, and are very hard and 
white. 
The fixth fort grows naturally in North America, 
where it rifes to a middling ftature. The leaves of 
this fort are compofed of three pair of fmooth fp'ear- 
fhaped lobes, of a dark green colour, fawed oh their 
edges, and ending in acute points. The fruit is oval, 
the fhell white, hard, and fmooth ; the kernel fmall, 
but very fweet. The young fhoots of the tree are 
covered with a very fmooth brownifh bark, but the 
Items and older branches have a rough fcaly bark, 
from whence it had the appellation of Shagbark, in 
America, 
The common Walnut is propagated in many parts of 
England for the fruit, and formerly the trees were 
propagated for their wood, which was in very great 
efteem, till the quantity of Mahogany, and other 
ufeful woods which have been of late years imported 
into England, have alm'oft baniihed the ufe of 
Walnut. 
Thefe trees are propagated by planting their nuts, 
which, as was before obferved, feldom produce the 
fame fort of fruit as are fown •, fo that the only way 
. to have the defired fort, is to fow the nuts of the 
beft kinds ; and if this is done in a nurfery, the 
trees fhould be tranfplanted out when they have had 
three or four years growth, to the place where they 
are defigned to remain ; for thefe trees do not bear 
tranfplanting when they are of a large fize, therefore 
there may be a good number of the trees planted, 
which need not be put at more than fix feet apart, 
which will be diftance enough for them to grow till 
they produce fruit ; when thofe whofe fruit are of 
the defired kind may remain, and the others cut up, 
to allow them room to grow •, by this method a fuf- 
ficient number of the trees may be generally found 
among them to remain, which will thrive and fiourifh 
greatly when they have room ; but as many people 
do not care to wait fo long for the fruit, fo the next 
beft method is to make choice of fome young trees 
in the nurferies, when they have their fruit upon them; 
but though thefe trees will grow and bear fruit, yet 
they will never be fo large or fo long lived, as thofe 
which are planted young. 
All the forts of Walnuts which are propagated for 
timber, fhould be fown in the places where they are 
to remain for the roots of thefe trees always incline 
downward, which being flopped or broken, prevent 
their afpiring upward, fo that they afterwards divari- 
cate into branches, and become low fpreading trees •, 
but fuch 'as are propagated for fruit, are greatly 
mended by tranfplanting ; for hereby they are ren- 
dered more fruitful, and their fruit are generally 
larger and fairer ; it being a common obfervation, 
that downright roots greatly encourage the luxuriant 
growth of timber in all forts of trees but fuch trees 
as have their roots fpreading near the furface of the 
ground, are always the moft fruitful and beft fla- 
voured. 
The nuts fhould be preferved In their outer covers 
in dry fand until February, when they fhould be plant- 
ed in lines, at the diftance you intend them to re- 
main i but in the rows they may be placed pretty 
dole, for fear the nqts fhould mifcarry ; and the 
young trees, where they are too thick, may be re- 
moved, after they have grown two or three years, 
leaving the remainder at the diftance they are to 
ftand. 
In tranfplanting thefe trees, you fhould ob- 
, ferve never to'" prune either their roots or large 
branches, both which are very injurious to them ; 
nor. fhould you be too bufy in lopping or pruning 
the branches -of thefe trees w hen grown to a large 
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fize, for it often caufes -them to decay ;, but when 
there is a neceftky for cutting any of their branches 
off, it fhould be done early in September (for at that 
feafon the trees are not fo fubjedt to bleed) that the 
wound may heal over before the cold inereafes ; the 
branches fhould always be e'ut-. off quite daft, to the 
trunk, othefiwife the flump which is. left will decay, 
and rot the body of the tree. 
The beft feafon for tranfplanting thefe trees is as 
foon as the leaves begin to decay, at which time if 
they are carefully taken up, and their branches pre- 
ferved ‘entire, there will 'be little danger of their iuc- 
ceeding, although they are eight or ten years old, as 
I have feveral times experienced ; though, as was be- 
fore obferved, thefe trees will not grow fo large, or 
continue fo long, as thofe which are removed young. 
This tree delights in a firm, rich, loamy foil, or fuch 
as is inclinable to chalk or marl ; and will thrive 
very well in flony ground, and on chalky hills, as 
may be feen by thofe large plantations near Leather- 
head, Godftone, and Carfhakon in Surry, where are 
great numbers of thefe trees planted upon the downs, 
which annually produce large quantities of fruit, to 
the great advantage of their owners ; one of which 
I have been told, farms the fruit of his trees, to thofe 
who fupply the markets, for 30 1. per annum. 
The diftance thefe trees fhould be placed, ought not 
to be lefs than forty feet, efpecially if regard be had 
to their fruit ; though when they are only defigned 
for timber, if they ftand much nearer, it promotes 
their upright growth. The black Virginia Walnut 
is much more inclinable to grow upright than the 
common fort, and the wood being generally of a 
more beautiful grain, renders it preferable to that, 
and better worth cultivating. I have feen fome of 
this wood which hath been beautifully veined with 
black and white, which, when polifhed, has appeared 
at a diftance, like veined marble. This wood is 
greatly efteemed by the cabinet-makers for inlaying, 
as alfo for bedfteads, ftools, tables, and cabinets ; and 
is one of the moft durable woods for thofe ptirpofes 
of Englifh growth, being lefs liable to be infefled 
with infefls than moft other kinds (which may pro- 
ceed from its extraordinary bitternefs ft but it is not 
proper for buildings of ftrength, it being of a brittle 
nature, and exceeding fubjeft to break very fhort, 
though it commonly gives notice thereof, by its crack- 
ing fome time before it breaks. 
The general opinion is, that the beating of this fruit 
improves the trees, which I do not believe, fince in the 
doing of this, the younger branches are generally 
broken and deftroyed ; but as it would be exceeding 
troublefome to gather it by hand, fo in beating it off, 
great care fhould be taken that it be not done with 
violence, for the reafon before affigned. In order 
to preferve the fruit, it fhould remain upon the trees 
till it is thorough ripe, when it fhould be beaten, 
down, and laid in heaps for two or three days ; af- 
ter which they fhould be fpread abroad, when, in a 
little time, their hulks will eafily part from the 
fhells-, then you muft dry them well in the fun, 
and lay them up in a dry place, where mice or other 
vermin cannot come to them, in which place they 
will remain good for four or five months ; but there 
are fome perfons who put their Walnuts into an 
oven gentry heated, where they let them remain 
four or five hours to dry, and then put them up 
In oil jars, or any other clofe veffel, mixing them 
with dry fand, by which method they will keep good 
fix months. The putting of them in the oven is to 
dry the germ, and prevent their fprouting •, but if 
the oven be too hot it will caufe them to fhrink, there- 
fore great care muft be had to that. 
All the other forts are propagated in the fame way, 
but as few of the forts produce fruit in England, fo 
their nuts muft be procured from North America ; 
which fhould be gathered when fully ripe, and put up 
in dry fand, to preferve them in their p adage to Eng- 
land : when they arrive here, the fooner they are 
planted the greater chance there will be of their foe- 
feeding ; 
