L A M 
..ftamim joined to the upper lip, two of which are longer 
than the other , terminated by oblong hairy fummits . It 
hath a four-cornered germen , fupporting a fender ftyle 
Jituated with the fiamina , and crowned by an acute two- 
pointed fligma ; the germen afterward become four three- 
cornered feeds, fitting in the open empalement. 
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of 
Linnaeus’s fourteenth ciafs, intitled Didynamia Gym- 
nofpermia, in which he ranges thofe plants whofe 
flowers have two long and two fhorter ftamina, and 
are fucceeded by naked feeds fitting in the empale- 
ment. 
The Species are, 
1. Lamium ( Purpureum ) foliis cordatis obtufis petiola- 
tis. Hort. Cliff. 314. Dead Nettle with heart-Jhaped 
obtufie leaves funding on foot-folks. Lamium purpu- 
reum fcetidum, folio fubrotundo, five Galeopfis Di- 
ofcoridis. C. B. P. Purple finking Archangel , or Dead 
Nettle, or the Galeopfis of Diofcorides with a roundifh 
leaf. 
2. Lamium {Album) foliis cordatis acuminatis ferratis 
petiolatis. Hort. Cliff. 314. Dead Nettle with pointed 
heart-Jhaped leaves , which are fawed , and have foot- 
falks. Lamium album, non foetens, folio oblongo. 
C. B. P. White Archangel or Dead Nettle which does 
not ftink , with an oblong leaf. 
3. Lamium ( Garganicum ) foils cordatis pubefcentibus, 
corollis fauce infiata, tubo redto dente utrinque gemi- 
no. Lin. Sp. 808. Dead Nettle with heart-Jhaped hairy 
leaves , and the chaps of the flower inflated , indented 
with two teeth. Lamium garganicum fubincanum, 
fiore purpurafcente, cum labio fuperiore crenato. 
Micheli. Hoary Dead Nettle with a purplifh flower , 
whofe upper lip is crenated. 
4. Lamium ( Mofchatum ) foliis cordatis obtufis glabris, 
floral ibus feffihbus, calycibus profunde incifis. Dead 
Nettle with heart-Jhaped , obtufe , fmooth leaves , the upper 
fitting clofe to the folks , and empalements deeply cut. La- 
mium Orientale, nunc mofchatum, nunc foetidum, 
magno flore. Tourn. Cor. Eafiern Dead Nettle , fome- 
times fweet-fcented and fometimes finking , with a large 
flower. 
5. Lamium ( Melijflefolium ) foliis cordatis nervofis fer- 
ratis, petiolis longioribus, caule eredto. Dead Nettle 
with heart-Jhaped veined leaves which are fawed , and 
longer foot-folks with an erect flalk. Lamium mon- 
tanum meliffae folio. C. B. P. 231.. Icon. PL 158. 
Mountain Dead Nettle with a Balm leaf. 
There are leveral other fpecies of this genus, as alfo 
forne varieties of it, but as molt of them are weeds, 
I have paffed them over, for there are few who care to 
admit them into their gardens. 
The firft fort grows naturally in moil parts of Eng- 
land, under hedges and by the fide of highways •, it is 
alfo a troublefome weed in gardens, but as it ftands 
in moft of the difpenfaries as a medicinal plant, I 
have chofen to infert it. This is an annual plant, 
whofe ftalks feldom rife more than four or five inches 
high •, the under leaves are heart-fhaped, blunt, and 
ftand upon pretty long foot-ftalks, but the upper 
leaves fit nearer to the ftalks ; the flowers come out in 
whorls on the upper part of the ftalk t they are of 
a pale purple colour, and are fucceeded by four naked 
feeds fitting in the empalement •, after the feeds are 
ripe the plant decays. It flowers in the middle of 
March, when the autumnal felf-fown plants appear ; 
thefe are fucceeded by others, which continue in fuc- 
ceflion all the fummer. 
The fecond fort is commonly called Archangel *, this 
is alfo ufed in medicine, for which reafon I have enu- 
merated it here. The roots of this are perennial, 
and creep much in the ground, fo is difficult to extir- 
pate, where it happens to grow under buffies and 
hedges; for the roots intermix with thofe of the bullies, 
and every fmall piece of them grow and fpread. The 
ftalks of this rife much higher than thofe of the laft, 
the flowers are larger, white, and grow in whorls 
round the ftalks •, thefe continue in fucceffion moft 
part of the fummer. 
The third fort grows naturally upon the mountains 
L A N 
in Italy ; this hath a perennial creeping root, from 
which arife many thick fquare ftalks a foot high, gar- 
niffied with heart-fhaped leaves which are hairy" placed 
oppofite, Handing upon pretty long foot-ftalks ; the 
Bowers come out in whorls at the upper joints of 
the ftalk, they are large, and of a pale purplifh co- 
lour ; thefe continue in fucceffion moft part of the 
fummer, and the flowers are fucceeded by feeds which 
ripen about fix weeks after. This .may be propa- 
gated by feeds, but as the roots fpread greatly in the 
ground, fo when once it is obtained, it will propagate 
faft enough without culture. 
The fourth fort grows naturally in the Archipela- 
go ; this is an annual plant, which, if permitted to 
Icatter its feeds, the plants will come up and thrive 
better than when fown by the hand. The plants come 
up in the autumn, and during the. winter their 
leaves make a pretty appearance, for they are marked 
with white fomewhat like thofe of the autumnal Cy- 
clamen ; the ftalks rife eight or nine inches high, 
and are garnifhed with fmooth heart-fhaped leaves 
placed oppofite ; thefe in dry weather have a mufky 
fcent, but in wet weather are fetid ; the flowers are 
white, Handing in whorls round the ftalks. They ap- 
pear in April, and the. feeds ripen in June, then the 
plants decay ; this requires no culture, but to keep 
the plants clear from weeds. 
The fifth fort grows naturally in Portugal •, this hath 
a perennial root and an annual ftalk, which rifes a 
foot and a half high ; it is ftrong, fquare, and grows 
ered ; the leaves are large, heart-fhaped, and much 
veined *, they are deeply fawed on their edges, and are 
placed oppofite. The x flowers come out in whorls 
round the ftalks at every joint ; they are very large, 
and of a deep purple colour ; thofe on the lower part 
of the ftalks appear the beginning of May, which are 
fucceeded by others above, fo that there is a continu- 
ance of flowers almoft two months on the fame ftalks. 
This plant very rarely produces good feeds in Eng- 
land, nor do the roots propagate very faft, fo that it 
is not common here. 
The belt time to remove and part thefe roots is in Oc- 
tober, but they mult not be tranfplanted oftener than 
every third year if they are required to flower 
ftrongly ; for the great beauty of this plant confifts in 
the number of ftalks, which are always proportional to 
the fize of the plants ; for fmall plants will put out one 
or two ftalks only, whereas the larger ones v/ill have 
eight or ten. The roots are hardy, and will thrive 
belt: in a loft loamy foil. 
LAMPS AN A. See Lapsana. 
LAND. Its improvement. 
1. By inclofing. 
Inclofing of Lands, and dividing the fame into feve- 
ral fields, for pafture or tillage, is one of the prin- 
cipal ways of improvement ; firft, by afcertaining to 
every man his juft property, and thereby preventing 
an infinity of trefpaffes and injuries, thatLands in com- 
mon are fubjedt unto, befide the difadvantage of be- 
ing obliged to keep the fame feafons with the other 
people who have Land in the fame field ; fo that the 
lowing, fallowing, and tilling the ground, milft be 
equally performed by all the landholders ; and when 
there happens a flothful negligent perfon, who has 
Land intermixed with others, it is one of the greateft 
nuifances imaginable. Secondly, it being of itfelf 
a very great improvement ; for where Land is pro- 
perly inclofed, efpecially in open countries, and the 
hedge-rows planted with timber trees, &c. itpreferves 
the Land warm, and defends and flickers it from the 
violent cold nipping winds, which, in fevere winters, 
deftroy much of the corn, pulfe, or whatever grows 
on the open field or champain grounds. And where 
it is laid down for pafture, it yields much more 
Grafs than the open fields, and the Grafs will begin to 
grow much fooner in the fpring. The hedges and 
trees will afford fhelter for the cattle from the cold 
winds in winter, as alfo fhade for them in the great 
heats of fummer. And thefe hedges afford the di- 
ligent hufbandman plenty of fuel, as plough-boor, 
cart- 
4r 
