O N O 
The fourth and fifth forts are low fhrubby plants, 
which are propagated by feeds. The fourth is too 
tender to thrive in the open air in England, unlefs it 
is planted in a warm fituation, and ih very fevere 
froft covered to proted it. If the feeds of both thefe 
forts are fown upon a bed of light earth in April, the 
plants will come up in May, when they muft be kept 
clean from weeds ; and if they are too clofe, feme 
of them fnould be carefully drawn up in mailt wea- 
ther, and tranfplanted at four or five inches diftance : 
thofe of the fourth fort upon a warm fhekered border, 
but the fifth may be planted in a mady border, where 
they will thrive very well , after thefe have taken root, 
the plants will thrive very well, but muft be kept 
clean from weeds till the following autumn, when 
they may be tranfplanted to the places where they 
are to remain *, thofe plants which were left growing 
in the bed where they were fown, muft alfo be treat- 
ed in the fame w r ay. Thefe plants will not thrive in 
pots, therefore fhould always be planted in the full 
ground, where the fifth fort will fiourifti greatly, and 
frequently fend up many plants from their roots, 
but the other is more impatient of cold. Thefe plants 
will flower the fecond year, and make a fine appear- 
ance during the continuance of their flowers, and the 
fifth fort will produce feeds in plenty. 
The fixth fort is propagated by feeds, which fnould 
be fown thin in drills upon- a bed of light earth ; and 
when the plants come up, they muft be kept clean 
from weeds till the autumn, when they fnould be 
carefully taken up, and tranfplanted into the borders 
of the plealiire-garden, where they are to remain *, 
the fecond year they will flower and produce ripe 
feeds, but the roots will continue feveral years, and 
are very hardy. 
The feventh, eighth, and eleventh forts are hardy 
annual plants ; thefe are propagated by feeds, which 
fhould be fown in the places where the plants are to 
remain, and will require no other care but to thin 
them where they are too clofe, and keep them clean 
from weeds. 
The ninth fort is a hardy perennial plant, but as it 
makes but little appearance, fo it is rarely preferved, 
unlefs in botanic gardens for the fake of variety it 
rifes yearly from feed, and will thrive in any foil or 
fituation. 
The fourteenth fort is an annual plant •, the feeds of 
this muft be fown upon a moderate hot-bed in the 
fpring, and, when the plants are fit to remove, they 
fhould be tranfplanted to another moderate hot-bed to 
bring the plants forward, treating them in the fame 
way as the African and French Mary gold. In June 
they fhould be taken up with balls of earth to their 
roots, and tranfplanted into the open borders, where, 
if they are fhaded till they have taken root, they 
will thrive and flower the following month, and per- 
fect their feeds in autumn. 
The eighteenth fort is a tender plant. The feeds of 
this fhould be fown upon a good hot-bed in the fpring, 
and when the plants are fit to remove, they fhould be 
each planted in a fmall pot filled with light loamy 
earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark, 
obferving to (hade them from the fun till they have 
taken new root, after which they muft be treated in 
-the fame way as other tender plants from the fame 
countries. In autumn they fhould be removed into 
the bark-ftove •, the fummer following they will pro- 
duce flowers, but they do not often perfed feeds in 
England. - 
ONOPORDUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 834. Vaill. 
Ad. Par. 1718. Carduus. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 440. 
tab. 253. Woolly TMftle ; in French, Chardon. 
The Characters are. 
The common empale; nent is roundijh , bellied - , and imbri- 
cated , compofed of numerous feales terminated by fpines. 
The flower is compofed of many hermaphrodite florets , 
which are funnel-Jhaped , equal, and uniform , having 
narrow tubes j welling at the brim , cut into five points - s 
they have five port hairy ftamina , terminated by cylindri- 
cal fummits , and an oval ger men crowned with down , 
O N 0 
fupporting a fender ftyk terminated by a crowned ftigma . 
The ger men becomes afingle feed crowned with down, fit- 
ting in the empalement. 
1’his genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion 
of Linnasiisk nineteenth clafs, which includes thofe 
plants with compound flowers, whofe florets are all 
hermaphrodite and fruitful. 
The Species are, 
1. Onqpordum ( Acanthium ) calycibus fquarrofis, foliis 
ovato-oblongis finuatis. Lin. Sp.- Plant. 827. Woolly 
Thifik with rough empalement s , and oblong , oval, finuated 
leaves. Carduus tomentofus, acanthi folio, vulgaris, 
Tourn. Inft. R. H, 441. Common Woolly Thiftle with a 
Bearfbreech leaf. 
2. Qnopordum ( Illy ri cum ) calycibus- fquarrofis, fpinis 
foliis lanceolatis pinnatifidis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1158. 
Woolly Thiftle with rough empalement s , and narrow 
leaves ending in many points. Carduus tomentofus, 
acanthi folio anguftiori. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 441. 
Woolly Thiftle with a narrower Bearfbreech leaf. 
3. Qnopordum ( Arabicum ) calycibus imbricatis. Hort. 
Upfal. 249. Woolly Thiftle with imbricated empalement s. 
Carduus tomentofus, acanthi folio aldffimus, Lufita- 
nicus. .Tourn. Inft. 441. Talleft woolly Thiftle of Por- 
tugal, with a Bearfbreech leaf. 
4. Qnopordum {Orient ale ) calycibus fquarrofis, foliis 
oblongis pinnato-finuatis decurrentibus, capite magno, 
W lolly Thiftle with rough empalement s, oblong , finuated , 
wing-pointed leaves running along the ftalk, and a large 
head. Carduus tomentofus, acanthi folio Aleppicus, 
magno flore. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 441. Woolly Thiftle 
of Aleppo zvith a Bearfbreech leaf , and a large fiozver. 
5. Onopok'dum ( Acaulon ) futfacaufe. Lin. Sp. 1 159. 
W oolly Thiftle with a head fitting clofe to the ground. 
Onopordon acaulon ferme flore albicarite. D. Juffieu. 
Vaill. Mem. 1718. Woolly Thiftle without a ftalk, and 
having a whitifh flower. 
There are fome other fpecies of this genus, which 
are preferved in botanic gardens, and alfo feveral va- 
rieties differing in the colours of their flowers ; but 
as thefe plants are rarely admitted into other gar- 
dens, fo it would be to little purpofe to enumerate 
them here. 
The firft fort grows naturally on uncultivated places 
in moft parts of England. It is a biennial plant •, the 
firft year it puts out many large downy leaves, which 
are finuated on their edges, and are prickly *, thefe 
fpread on the ground, and continue the following 
winter, and in the fpring arifes the ftalk in the mid- 
dle of the leaves, which, upon dunghills, or good 
ground, grows five or fix feet high, dividing up- 
ward into many branches, which have leafy borders 
running along them, indented, and each indenture 
is terminated by a fpine. The ftalks are termi- v 
nated by fcaly heads of purple flowers, which 
appear in June, and to thefe fucceed oblong angular 
feeds crowned with a hairy down, which affift their 
fpreading about to a great diftance by the wind, fo 
that where the plants are permitted to ripen their 
feeds, they often become troublefome weeds. 
The fecond fort grows natually in Spain, Portugal, 
and the Levant this rifes with a taller ftalk than the 
former, the leaves are much longer and narrower, and 
the indentures on their fides are regular, ending in 
fharp fpines. The heads of flowers are larger, and 
the lpines of the empalement are longer than thofe of 
the firft fort. 
The third fort grows to the height of nine or ten 
feet ; the ftalks divide into many branches 5 the leaves 
are longer than any of the other fpecies 5 the heads 
of flowers are large and of a purple colour y the em- 
palement hath the feales lying over each other like 
the feales of fifh. This grows naturally in Spain and 
Portugal. 
The fourth fort grows naturally about Aleppo j this 
rifes with an upright branching ftalk feven or eight 
feet high , the leaves are long and are regularly finu- 
ated on their borders, like wing-pointed leaves •, the 
heads of the flowers are very large, and the empale- 
ment is very rough and prickly. 
The 
t 
431 
