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to be drawn off very young ; becaufe the Parfneps ge- j 
nerally fpread moft towards the latter end of the fum- 
mer, which is after the Carrots are gone, fo that there 
may be a double crop upon the fame ground. 
When the plants are come up, you fnould hoe them 
out, leaving them about ten inches or a foot afunder ; 
obferving at the fame time to cut up all the weeds, 
which, if permitted to grow, would foon overbear the 
plants and choke them. This muff be repeated three 
or four times in the fpring, according as you find the 
weeds grow ; but in the latter part of fummer, when 
the plants are fo ftrong as to cover the ground, they 
will prevent the growth of weeds, fo that after that 
feafon they will require no farther care. 
When the leaves begin to decay, the roots may be 
dug up for ufe, before which time they are feldom 
well tailed , nor are they good for much in the 
fpring, after they are fhot out again ; fo that thofe 
who would preferve thefe roots for fpring ufe, fhould 
dig them up in the beginning of February, and bury 
them in land, in a dry place, where they will remain 
good until the middle of April, or later. 
If you intend to lave the feeds of this plant, you 
fhould make choice of fome of the longeft, ftraiteft, 
and largeft roots, which fhould be planted about two 
feet afunder, in fome place where they may be de- 
fended from the ftrong fouth and weft winds j for the 
Hems of thefe plants commonly grow to a great height, 
and are very fubjedt to be broken by ftrong winds, if , 
expofed thereto ; they fhould be conftantly kept clear 
from weeds, and if the feafon fhould prove very dry, 
if you give them fome water twice a week, it will 
caul’e them to produce a greater quantity of feeds, 
which will be much ftronger than if they were wholly 
neglected. Toward the latter end of Auguft or the 
beginning of September, the feeds will be ripe ; at 
which time you fhould carefully cut off the umbels, 
and fpread them upon a coarfe cloth for two or three 
days to dry •, after which, the feeds fhould be beaten 
off, and put up for ufe ; but you muft never truft to 
thefe feeds after they are a year old, for they will fel- 
dom grow beyond that age. 
The leaves of the Garden Parfnep are dangerous to 
handle, efpecially in a morning, while the dew re- 
mains upon them •, at which time, if they are handled 
by perfons who have a loft fldn, it will raife it in blif- 
ters. I have known fome gardeners, when they have 
been drawing up Carrots from among Parfneps in a 
morning, when their leaves were wet with dew, they 
have drawn the fleeves of their Ihirts up to their fhoul- 
ders, to prevent their being wet ; by doing of which 
they have had their arms, fo far as they were bare, co- 
vered over with large blifters ^ and thefe were full of 
a fcalding liquor, which has proved very troublefome 
for feveral days. 
The third fort rifes with a green rough {talk feven or 
eight feet high, garnifhed with large, decompounded, 
winged leaves, which are very rough to the touch, 
and of a dark green colour •, the juice is very yellow, 
which hows out where either the leaf or ftalk is bro- 
ken ; the ftalks are divided upward into many hori- 
zontal branches, each being terminated by a larse um- 
bel of yellow flowers. Thefe appear in July, and are 
fucceeded by plain feeds which are bordered, and a 
little convex in the middle, which ripen in the au- 
tumn. The Opapanax of the fhops is thought to be 
the concrete juice of this plant. 
PASTURE. 
Failure ground is of two forts : the one is low mea- 
dow land, which is often overflowed, and the other 
is upland, which lies high and dry. The firft of 
thefe will produce a much greater quantity of hay than 
the latter, and will not require manuring or dreffing 
fo often ■, but then tire hay produced on the upland is 
much preferable to the other, as is alfo the meat 
which is fed in the upland more valued than that 
which is fatted in rich meadows ^ though the latter 
will make the fatter and larger cattle, as is feen by thofe 
which are brought from the low rich lands in Lincoln- 
flure. But where people are nice in their meat, they 
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Will give a much larger price for fuch as hath been 
fed on the downs, or in fhort upland Failure, than 
for the other, which is much larger. Befides this, dry 
Failures have an advantage over the meadows, that 
they may be fed all the winter, and are not fo fubjedt 
to poach in wet weather ; nor will there be fo many 
bad weeds produced, which are great advantages, 
and do, in a great meafure, recompenfe for the fmall- 
nefs of the crop. 
I have already mentioned the advantages of meadow 
land, or fuch as is capable of being overflowed with 
water, and given diredlions for draining and improv- 
ing low Failure land, under the article of Land j there- 
fore fhall not repeat what is there laid, but I fhall 
juft mention fome method for improving of upland 
Failure. 
The firft improvement of Upland Failure is, by 
fencing it, and dividing it into fmall fields of four, 
five, fix, eight, or ten acres each, planting timber 
trees in the hedge rows, which will fcreen the Grafs 
from the drying pinching winds of March, which pre- 
vents the Grafs from growing in large open lands ; fb 
that if April proves a cold dry month, the land pro- 
duces very little hay j whereas in the Iheltered fields 
the Grafs will begin to grow early in March, and will 
foon after cover the ground, and prevent the fun from 
parching the roots of the Grafs, whereby it will keep 
growing, fo as to afford a tolerable crop, if the fpring 
fhould prove dry. But in fencing of land, it muft be 
obferved (as was before directed) not to make the in- 
clofures too fmall, efpecially where the hedge rows 
are planted with trees ; becaufe when the trees are ad- 
vanced to a confiderabie height, they will fpread over 
the land ; and, where they are dole, will render the 
Grafs lour ; fo that inftead of being an advantage, it 
will greatly injure the Failure. 
The next improvement of upland Failures is, to> 
make the turf good, where, either from the badnefs 
of the foil, or want of proper care, the Grafs hath, 
been deftroyed by Rulhes, bullies, or mole-hills. 
Where the furface of the land is clayey and cold, it 
may be improved by paring it off, and burning it in 
the manner before direded under the article of Land j 
but if it is a hot fandy land, then chalk, lime, marie, 
or clay, are very proper manures to lay upon it ; but 
this Ihould be laid in pretty good quantities, other- 
wife it will be of little l'ervice to the land. 
If the ground is over-run with bullies or Rulhes, it 
will be of great advantage to the land, to grub them 
up toward the latter part of the fummer, and after 
they are dried to burn them, and fpread the allies over 
the ground juft before the autumnal rains ; at which 
time the furface of the land Ihould be levelled, and 
fown with Grafs-feed, which, if done early in the au- 
tumn, will come up in a lliort time, and make good 
Grafs the following fpring. So alfo, where the land 
is full of mole-hills, thefe Ihould be pared off, and 
either burnt for the allies, or fpread immediately on 
the ground, when they are pared off, obferving to 
low the bare patches with Grafs-feed, juft as the au- 
tumnal rains begin. 
There are fome Failure lands which are full of ant- 
hills, which are not only difagreeable to the fight, but 
where they are in any quantity, the Grafs cannot be 
mowed ; therefore the turf which grows over them 
Ihould be divided with an inllrument into three parts, 
and pared off each way ; then the middle or core of the 
hills fhould be dug out and fpread over the ground, 
leaving the holes open all the winter to deftroy the 
ants, and in the fpring the turf may be laid down 
again, and after the roots of the Grafs are fettled again 
in the ground, it Ihould be rolled to fettle the fur- 
face, and make it even. If this is properly managed,, 
it will be a great improvement to fuch land. 
Where the land has been thus managed, it will be 
of great fervice to roll the turf in the months of Fe- 
bruary and March, with a heavy wood roller, always, 
obferving to do it in moill weather, that the roll may 
make an impreffion : this will render the furface le- 
vel, and make it much eafier to mow the Grafs, than 
when 
