163 
permian after tracking the permian beds of Lancashire 
through the north-western counties of York, Westmoreland, 
and Cumberland. His attention Avas chiefly directed to the 
red marls, magnesian limestones, conglomerate, and soft 
red sandstone strata, those being the common Lancashire 
types ; and where the red sandstones of the neighbourhood 
of Carlisle and St. Bees Avere incidentally mentioned, they 
Avere treated as upper new red sandstone or trias, as Professor 
SedgAvick has described them, in his valuable memoir. But in 
his second communication,* published in 1857, Avhere the 
LIoAvrigg, Shawk, and WestAvard sections are described, he 
came to the conclusion that “ the brick red sandstones of 
those places, with their underlying red clays, as Avell as the 
breccia at ShaAvk, I have little doubt Avill be proved to be 
permian. It is true that no fossil organic remains have yet 
been found in them, Avith the exception of the track alluded 
to in this paper ; but if mineralogical characters and geological 
superposition are to be taken as evidence of their age, they 
are as good permian beds as those of West House, Kirby 
Stephen, and Brough, in England, and Dumfries and other 
places in the south-Avest of Scotland, with the latter of Avhich 
they are most probably connected.” 
In a paper published by Professor Harkness in 1862,f that 
geologist adopts in substance this view, and agrees Avith the 
Author’s opinion of the HoAvrigg, Shawk, and WestAvard red 
clays and sandstones being of permian age, and describes a 
very beautiful section at Hilton, in Westmoreland, Avhich 
strongly confirms it. Of course it Avas not intended to ques- 
tion the triassic age of the soft red sandstones of Dalston and 
Holmhead, near Carlisle, which are covered by waterstones, 
red marls and lias, as stated in the Author’s paper on the 
latter deposit . X 
* Additional Observations on the Permian Beds of the North-West of 
England, vol. xiv., p. 101, of the Society’s Memoirs. 
f Quarterly Journal of ilie G-eoloaical Society for August, 1862, p. 205. 
X Ibid for May, 1859, p. 549. 
