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the Balloclimoyle limestone/* it was shown that a great thick- 
ness of unprofitable coal measures had to he traversed before 
the profitable coalfield at Common could be reached, in that 
district some 550 yards. 
The Canobie section exposes far more coal measures above 
the limestone than the one at Balloclimoyle, at least 200 
yards, and it shows a passage of carboniferous into permian 
beds, so far as the eye can detect, better than any that has 
hitherto come under his observation. The strata of these 
two formations in the bank of the river above the bridge at 
Canobie from the fine breccia into the underlying clays and 
shales are most difficult if not impossible to separate from 
the red shales and sandstones seen between that point and 
the bridge there. 
The district about Canobie, Penton, and Longtown, has 
been described at length by Mr. Edmund Gibsone, in an 
elaborate and well illustrated memoir printed in the Trans- 
actions of the North of England Institute of Mining 
Engineers. f In the Penton Linns section that Author 
describes the mountain limestone seams of coal, in the 
Penton Railway section the millstone grit series, and in 
the Canobie coalfield the middle series; and he shows a 
fault on the south of the latter coalfield which throws the 
coal measures down and brings in the permian strata. All 
the red measures south of this fault Mr. Gibsone appears to 
consider permian, and the fault which brings them in he calls 
the Great Permian fault. After examining these red measures, 
the Author said he had come to the conclusion that although 
a portion of them are permian strata, as Mr. Gibsone describes 
them to be, a great part of them are unquestionably upper 
* On some Upper Coal Measures containing a Bed of Limestone, at Catriue 
in Ayrshire . — Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society for August, 1862, 
p. 437. 
f A geological paper on the Border Districts of Dumfriesshire, Cumberland, 
and part of Roxburghshire, including the coal formation of Canobie, &e., by 
Edmund Gibsone, yoI. xi., p. 65. 
