137 
the Gasteropoda and Lamellibrancliiata they are less closely 
connected. 
The question of individuality it will be seen is, in such a 
class, one of great difficulty, and if we formulate it that 
may give us some satisfaction, but it may, after all, be a 
question which we do not understand any better in con- 
sequence. The recent investigations, which show that a 
much greater importance must be attached to the funiculus 
than was supposed, somewhat alter the basis upon which 
this question has been previously considered. 
It has been seen that the difference of the growth of the 
polypide and zooecium was felt to be so great as to place 
the zoophytes in a kingdom intermediate between the 
animal and vegetable kingdoms, and the general conception, 
as far as it concerns this class in showing the independent 
growth of the polypide and the cell containing it, was 
correct as far as they do not necessarily grow simultaneously. 
Lamar k* thought the polypides were quite distinct and 
had no more connection with one another, nor any more 
with the cell than the wasp has with its cell. This is, 
perhaps, the most simple theory of any concerning their 
individuality, but at the same time apparently the least 
correct. 
Grant, and other observers afterwards up to the time of 
Dr. Allman, looked upon an individual as made up of 
zooecium and polypide. Dr. Allman, however, considered 
that besides the zooecium and polypide, the ovarium and 
testes each represented a zooid and the embryo also repre- 
sented one. This, in a more or less modified form, has been 
generally accepted, but the recent researches in the marine 
Bryozoa seem to require, at any rate, that the ovaria and 
testes should not be looked upon as separate from the poly- 
pide. Schweigger* on the other hand, thought the Bryozoa 
colony represented an individuum with a number of mo uths 
* See Nitsche, loc. cit., p. 59. 
