28 
ELEMENTS OF ENTOMOLOGT. 
of insects as they would otherwise have been. Without, however, be- 
stowing some little attention on these organs, it is impossible to distri- 
bute insects into their natural order with any great degree of certainty. 
In the works of Latreille, Leach, and most other modern writers on 
Entomology, the essential characters are established chieiiv on the pe- 
culiarities of these organs. 
'file ten principal parts of which the Mouth consists are the Mow- 
ing. 
La Brum, or Labium, svperius, the Upper Up: a transverse, soft, 
moveable piece, of a coriaceous or membranaceous nature, known from 
its situation at the anterior or upper part of the mouth. This part is 
very distinct in many of the Coleoptera, and in Grj/llus, Apis, and some 
other genera. I.inne sometimes confounds the upper lip with the cly- 
pcM or shield of the head; and similar instances occur in the works 
of Fabricms. These two parts may be distinguished by one invariable 
character; the clypeus is fixed, and forms a portion of the head; the 
upper lip is moveable, and is placed more forward. 
Labium, or Labium, ush euius, the piece which terminates the 
mouth beneath, and which is sometimes lengthened so as to form the 
instrument called ligula. It is often bifid, and has the posterior pair 
of feelers placed at the base. 
Hanoi blue, Mandibles: (PL lo .fig. l.d.) two hard pieces, in sub- 
stance resembling horn, which are placed one at each side of the mouth, 
below the upper lip. These have a lateral motion, while the upper 
and lower lip move up and down, as in other animals. These differ 
tiom the maxilla, with which they arc sometimes confounded, by not 
having any of the palpi or feelers attached to them. In rapacious in- 
sects those are longer than in those whicli perforate wood; and the lat- 
ter again have stronger mandibles than insoxts which feed only on her- 
bage or leaves. ' 
Max nr. x (PL 10. fig, 1. e.—fig. 2. a. the same magnified): two sm a l l 
pieces generally ot a somewhat membranaceous consistency, and in 
figure diiiercnt from the mandibles. These are commonly indented at 
the extremity, and near y all ciliated at the inner edge. They are 
placed under the mandibles and abovethe lower lip; thedr motion is la- 
teral. Ill those Insects which have more than two pair ofteelers, the pos- 
terior ones take their origin from the sides of the maxillte. (fig. 2. b. c.) 
Gale/t, Shields of the Mouth: two membranaceous appendages 
usually of a large size and cylindrical form, placed one on each side’ 
at the exterior part of the jaw, and which cover and protect the oro-ans’ 
of the mouth conjointly with the lips. The galea: are inserted afthe 
back o) the jaws, as is well exemplified in the Gryllus tribe. 
Ligula. This is the part considered by many authors as the lower 
hp : its situation is immediately under the jaws; and it consists of a 
sngie piece, which is generally of a Soft texture, often bifid, and, if at- 
