79 
on a mining case, continually referred to the “ Old Man,” 
until the opposing counsel objected that this second-hand 
evidence ought not to be admitted, but that the individual 
referred to should himself be called as a witness. It is also 
an illustration of the untrustworthy character of popular 
names that these pipes are also known as “ carl’s pipes,” just 
as a prehistoric hill fort near Hathersage is called the 
“Carl’s Wark.” 
It will be observed that one of the tools has been a 
wooden spade, tipped with iron. This serves to show the 
value iron possessed, or rather its comparative scarcity. All 
the other tools are altogether of iron, except the handles, 
but I do not on this account regard the spade as of earlier 
date, inasmuch as nothing but metal would serve the pur- 
pose in the other tools, whilst a mere shovel might do very 
well although made of wood. 
All the tools are of archaic type, though some are recog- 
nised by old miners as similar to those in use in their 
youth. 
MICROSCOPICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SECTION. 
December 7th, 1874. 
Professor W. Boyd Dawkins, F.K.S., in the Chair. 
Mr. James Cosmo Melville, M.A., F.L.S., was elected 
Secretary of the Section, in place of Mr. Sidebotham, 
resigned. 
