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completely does all water sink away, that artificial ponds 
are made for the cattle to drink at in suitable places, and it 
is a very curious fact, that the only true clay suitable for 
puddling purposes, occurs in sheltered hollows on the sum- 
mit of the hills, and this is a true glacial clay. No doubt 
this clay at one time covered the entire surface of the hill 
tops, as they are still dotted thickly over with huge drift 
boulders, or “ Calliards,” as they are locally called, chiefly 
of whinstone, black marble, and silurian flags, such as occur 
in the neighbouring hills northwards. The caverns all 
appear to have been formed on the lines of main fissures 
where the limestone has been much broken. The close 
proximity of the Great “ Craven fault,” (which runs at right 
angles to the face of the Langcliffe Scar in which the Vic- 
toria Cave occurs), will account for the great extent to which 
the limestone has been thus fissured. 
It is therefore evident that the surface water in wet 
seasons, having to find its way through these fissures, from 
the watershed of a large area, would form great underground 
streams, which would wear out these caverns and carry 
through and into them much detritus from the surface; and 
very probably the whole of the drift clays, which have evi- 
dently been denuded from the surfaces where the boulders 
now lie, have been thus removed and carried away in the 
course of the long ages of time which have elapsed since 
their deposition, during the glacial epoch. 
(2) The evidence to be gathered from the whole district 
points to a very considerable falling away of the face of the 
limestone scars during wet seasons and frosts. The day 
before my visit a mass of at least 100 tons had fallen from 
above the face of the Victoria Cave, It appears to me that 
the face of the scar at the cave was formerly at least 30 
feet in front of its present line, and that this mass must have 
fallen away, at any rate since the glacial age. The lime- 
stone about the cave is so much fissured, and so constantly 
