TITLES AND BIOLOGY. (il, A, i — iii.) Echin. 31 
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ZSCHOKKE, F. See Chun, C. 
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[ii, f, viii.] 
II. BIOLOGY. 
(A.) EVOLUTION. 
i. General Principles : — Vacant. 
ii. Relations of Echinoderma : — Morphology explained by descent 
from a Dipleuraea with preoral vesicle and 10 metameric segments, of 
which the posterior 5 pass forward and are applied to the anterior 5, 
forming the ‘ Pentasomaea ’ ; Herouard (121). — Descent from a 
worm -like ancestor, already possessing rudiment of water- vascular 
system, general criticism of views of Semon (1888), Biitschli (’92), 
Seeliger (’93), Lang (’94), Bury (’95), Haeckel (’96), MacBride (’96), 
Bather (1900), and Perrier (’02) ; Meyer (190). — Myzostoma asteriae 
is of all organisms the nearest to the primitive Echinoderm, detailed 
comparison ; Simroth (256). — Origin from pelagic worms, pelmatozoic 
theory criticised ; Perrier (211) p. 259. 
iii. Phytogenies of smaller groups : — Phylogeny of Echinoderma , 
general discussion of theories and acceptance of the Pelmatozoic 
theory as formulated by Bather ; Delage (54) p. 431-437. — 
Primary Echinoderm larva derived from Anomocystidae, Hoi. from 
Amphoridea , another branch of which leads to Cyst. & Or in., from 
