34 Echin. 
XIV. ECHINODERMA. 
[1904] 
ii. Variation :— 
Determination of, vide n, f, viii; Vernon (276). 
a. Inform: — size, &c., in Melonites due to local conditions; Klem 
( 142) p. 7. 
b. In form and surface characters: — Common in Echinoderms, 
esp. Ophiothrix and Astropecten ; Bell in Herdman (120) p. 149, 
150. — Size, number of rays, of madreporites, of mouths, of ani, 
position of exit of gonads, in Phataria ; Monks (193). — Spines and 
scales, Ophiactis abyssicola , Ophiothrix fragilis ; Grieg (106). 
c. In colour: — Colour in life, — many Echinoderms at Woods Hole 
(see list in, a, ii) ; Clark (38) : deep-sea Ech. (see list in, a, iv), 
with coloured drawings of Phormosoma hispidum, Pourtalesia tannery 
and Cystechinus loveni ; Agassiz (3) passim, pis. a, b : various Ech., 
its specific value (see list in, a, iii, iv) ; Mortensen (195) : Diadema , 
Stomopneustes , Toxopneustes , Culcita ; Herdman (120) : various 
Oph. (see in, a, iii) ; Koehler (144) : Ophiura albida , Ophiocten ; 
Grieg (106) : spp. Antedon and Actinometra ; Chadwick (35). — 
In life and spirit, various Echinoderms from Patagonia (see ill, a, ii) ; 
Loriol (162). — (In spirit?) of numerous spp. of Ech. dredged by 
Siboga (see hi, a, iii) ; de Meijere (57). — In spirit, various Oph. 
(see in, a, iii) ; Koehler (143). 
d. Meristic variation : — 
1. V ariation from pentamerous symmetry : — 6 rays, Ophiodera sp. ; 
Koehler (143) p. 154. — 5 madreporites, but 1 stone-canal, 
Gorgonocephalus ; Clark (38) p. 562. 
2. Reduplication or absence of parts : — suppression of a gonopore 
in Cidaris degam ; de Meijere (57) p. 24. — Metacr. ; Sperry 
( 265).— Position of syzygies spp. Antedon and Actinometra ; 
Chadwick (35). — Number of IBr. in Dolatocr . ; Rowley in 
Greene (105) p. 191. 
e. Abnormalities : — Pseudodiadema ; Lissajous (153) p. 159, 160. 
— Apex, Schizaster ; Tornquist (268) p. 387. — 2 gonopores in 
madreporite, Stephanocidaris ; Mortensen (195). — Fusion of rays, 
Ctenodiscus ; Mjchailovskij (192) p. 171. — Ray bifurcate, Ophio- 
musium ; Koehler (143) p. 64. — Megistocr. (p. 62), Tylocr. 
(p. 68), Dolatocr. (p. 72, 78), Gennaeocr. (p. 80), and remarks 
(p. 82) ; Wood (291). — Pseudocr. (p. 230) : Coelocystis , plates 
vertically divided (p. 248) ; Schuchert (249). — Inferradial in 
Pentremites , and extra plate in radial circlet in JYucleocr. ; 
Rowley in Greene (105) p. 190. 
iii. Secondary Sexual Characters : — 
a. Differences of Form or Structure : — Porocidaris miller i ; 
Agassiz (3) p. 27. 
b. Differences of Colour: — ? Echinus angulosus ; Bell (22a). 
c. Protection of Young : — Gycethra verrucosa ; Meissner (186). — 
Antedon hirsula on cirri; Andersson (10). — Complete account; 
Ludwig (164) : Addendum ; (165). 
(C.) PHYSIOLOGY. 
i. General : — Echinoderma in general (p. 19-23), comparative (p. 427), 
Hoi. (p. 303-309), Ech. (p. 201-203), Ast. (p. 63-68), Oph. (p. 136- 
139), Crin. (p. 364-366) ; Delage (54). — Exhaustive account of 
chemical physiology, esp. blood, respiration, nutrition, excretion, 
poisons, muscles, stereom, pigments, gonads, and conditions of exist- 
ence ; Fuerth(91). 
