Echin. 35 
BIOLOGY. (II, B, ii ; iii : c : D, i — vi.) 
ii. Circulation : — Regulated by osmosis in Strongylocentrotus , Sphaer- 
echinus, Spatangus, Holothuria, and Stichopus ; Henri (116). 
iii. Respiration : — Vide c, i. 
iv. Alimentation and Digestion : — Ferments, Holothuria, , Spatan- 
gus , Asterias , last strongest ; Clerc (41). 
v. Excretion and its Products:— Pigments— nature of; Mandoul 
( 182) p. 370 : products of metabolism without selective value ; Hargitt 
( 113) p. 143. 
Colour, see ii, b, ii, c. 
vi. Sensation : — Discussion of consciousness in action of Echinoderms ; 
Lukas (167). — Sense-organs on podia, Ophiopholis aculeata ; Oster- 
gren(204) p. 564. — Sensibility of spines, reaction to light, Ophioglypha-, 
Uexkuell (274) p. 4. 
vii. Miscellanea and Experimental Physiology * — Functions of 
podia, Oph. (vide ii, d, vi) ; Ostergren (204).— Movement of stomach- 
muscle, Ophioglypha ; Uexkuell (274) p. 4. — Solution of lime in test 
of deep-sea Ech., (Jrechinus , Cystechinus, Pilematechinus ; Agassiz (3) 
p. 153, 159, 166. — Freezing-point of body-fluid in Echinus and 
Cucumaria ; Dekhuyzen (51). — Effect of artificial sea-water on 
Asterias ; True (270). — Poisoning Ophioglypha by slate bottom ; 
Uexkuell (274) p. 3. 
Amount of copper in Asterias and Stichopus ; Dubois (72). — 
Arsenic in Pedicellaster , Strongylocentrotus, Stichopus ; Bertrand (27). 
• — Chemical constitution of ovum, Strongylocentrotus ; Bertolo (26). 
(D.) BIONOMICS. 
i. General Accounts: — Vacant. 
ii. Special habits : — Boring, — in coral ; Finckh (78) p. 141 : of 
Echinostrephus molare induces spiral twist in actinal radioles ; 
Herdman (120) p. 139. 
iii. Habitat: — (a) Various spp., — in N. polar basin (see list iii, a, v) ; 
Michailovskij (192) : Drobaksund (vide iii, a, ii) ; Kiaer (140) : 
near Plymouth ; Mar. Biol. Ass. (184). — Hoi., Ech., Oph., atoll of 
Minikoi ; Gardiner (95) p. 44, 47, 338. (c) Ech. : — Influence on 
classification ; DouvillIc (66) p. 72. — Stomopneustes variolaris, Echino- 
strephus molare ; Herdman (120). — Psammechinus verruculatus , Gymn- 
echinuspumilio, & Echinoneus cyclostomus on Lithothamnion ; deMei jere 
(57) p. 89, 92, 140. — Boring in platform of coral reef ; Finckh (78) 
p. 141. (e) Oph. : — Change of, acts as poison; Uexkuell (274) 
p. 3. ( f ) Grin. : — Diverse views as to Holopus and Cyathidium ; 
Hennig (115) p. 55 : Ravn (223). 
iv. Feeding : — (b) IIol., not on coral of seaweed, but on microscopic 
organisms in coarse sand ; Gardiner (95) p. 338 : Finckh (78) p. 141. 
— Diatoms in gut of Holothuria at Civita Vecchia ; Lanzi (151). 
(c) Ech. same as Hoi. (supra) ; Gardiner (95). (e) Ophioglypha ; 
Uexkuell (274) p. 3, 12. — Astrophytida, on plankton ; Ostergren 
(204) p. 564. 
v. Defence and Protection : — Vacant (but see next entry). 
vi. Locomotion: — Resting position and movements of Ophioglypha 
(p. 4), its locomotion (p. 6), turning over (p. 10), protective (p. 15) ; 
Uexkuell (274). — Podia serve for fixation and so assist locomotion 
by flexure of rays, in Ophiocoma, Amphiura, Ophiopholis , and Ophiura, 
so also in Hoi. ; Ostergren (204). — Geocoma and Saccocoma, their 
tracks in Solnhofen Plattenkalk; Walther (281) p. 200, 201 and fig. 
