BIOLOGY. (II, D, vii — x: E : F, i — iv.) Echin. 37 
(E.) MISCELLANEOUS. 
i. Research and Instruction : — 
a. Preservation : — Killing and preservation of Echinodernis ; Clark 
( 38) p. 549. — Collecting, especially on coral-reefs, and preservation in 
natural position of Hoi., Ech ., Crin. ; Plate (219). — Hoi., killed by 
methyl blue ; Mader (175) p. 208 : Preservation expanded ; Tull- 
berg (271). 
b. Methods of research : — Toxic action of ordinary distilled water on 
ova of Arbacia , but artificial sea-water made with purer distilled 
water is better than natural sea-water, perhaps owing to absence of 
ammonia ; Lyon (170). — Rearing Ast. larvae ; Delage (52) : on 
culture of alga, Chlorella ; H^rouard (122). — Preparation of com- 
plete series Ech. larvae 10-46 hours ; Schmidt (246). — Methods of 
identifying Echinoderms, esp. Hoi. ; Clark (38) p. 549. — Exami- 
nation of Ast. and Ech. for arsenic ; Bertrand (27). 
c Museum Exhibits and Collections : — Museum label, Ech. in 
flint ; Bather (17). — Nantes Museum, Gourdon coll. Pyrenean Ech. 
Senonian and Eocene (qq.v.) ; Gourdon (102). — List of type- 
specimens of Ech. and Crin. in museums and private collections 
of Grenoble ; Reboul (224 ). — Echinoderma in Naturhist. Mus. 
Hamburg, and works dealing therewith ; Kraepelin (146). — Fossil 
Echinoderms added to U. S. Nat. Mus. ; Schuchert (247, 248). 
d. Instruction : — Text-books,— W eysse (284)pp. 85-104: advanced; 
Delage (54) : comp. anat. ; Haller (111a). 
ii. Economics : — see ii, d, ix, Echinoderms as food of man. — Of Woods 
Hole Echinoderms ; Clark (38) p. 548. — Ast.> damage to fisheries, 
summary ; Albert (5). 
iii. Bibliography : — General selected ; Delage (54) p. 442-460. — 
Palaeozoic Ech. ; Klem (142) p. 76-97. — Crin . [? Pelmatozoa ] begun ; 
Hamann (112) p. 1420. — Echinoderms in Rumpfs “ Rariteitkamer ” ; 
Martens (185) p. 131. — Literature for 1892 abstracted; Bergmann 
( 25) : for 1904 ; Ludwig (166). 
iv. Historical, Popular notions, <fcc.: — Summary of papers on 
fossil Echinoderms in Geol. Mag. 1864-1903 ; Anon. (12) p. 52-53. — 
History of research on brood-protection ; Ludwig (164). — Names 
applied to Class Crin . ; Hamann (112) p. 1419. — The fate of G. 
Troost’s collection and the MS. of his monograph on Crinoids of 
Tennessee (p. 219), history oiCamarocr.=Lobolithus (p.254); Schuchert 
( 249). — ‘ Abou-Chokah,’ father of thorns, Bedouin name for Diadema 
setosum (p. 413), ‘Halaouan’ for Echinometra lucunter (p. 416); 
Fourtau (83). 
(F.) AUXOLOGY. 
i. General Principles: — Vacant. 
ii. General Accounts : — Echinoderma in general (p. 23-30, pis. vii-x) 
comparative (p. 428-431), Hoi. (p. 310-318), Ech. (p. 203-215), Ast. 
(p. 68-82), Oph. (p. 139-144), Crin. (p. 366-375) ; Delage (54). 
iii. Formation of Gonads: — Myelin in nucleus and nucleolus of 
Ech. ovum ; Albrecht (6) p. 99, 108. — Plasmodia in ovaries, 
Arbacia , Echinus, Asteracanthion ; Janssens (136) p. 263. — Sperma- 
tozoa, Ophiura , Ophiothrix, Echinus ; Retzius (226) p. 27-28, 
pi. xii. — Structure and formation of ova, Antedon ; Andersson (10). 
iv. Oviposition, Fertilisation, and Segmentation: — Breeding 
period, — Ech. Oph. Ast. Hoi. Jamaica; Andrews (11) p. 76: 
Ophiothrix , Ophiura at la Hougue ; MaLard (179) p. 192. — Copu- 
