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were not visited by Dr. Buckland, but in which he supposed 
moraines to exist, from the appearances of the valleys as 
delineated in Fryer’s map of Cumberland) ; (2) The valleys 
eastwards from Bowfell, and (3) The district of Shap Fells. 
The highest mountain in the Lake District is Scawfell 
Pike, 3,210 feet, and separated from it only by a narrow valley 
is Bowfell, 2,960 feet. These two noble hills form the central 
nucleus, from which radiate the valleys of Wastdale, Borrow- 
dale, Langdale, Eskdale, and the vale of Duddon, and in this 
district the author found the evidences of glacial action in a 
very marked degree. The conformation of Bowfell is exactly 
suited for a great gathering ground for snow, which would 
accumulate on its summits, and flow over its huge shoulders 
as glaciers, into the vales below. Its three summits are piled 
up masses of unworn rocks, whilst its flanks are everywhere 
scored and polished by glacial action; the porphyry and 
greenstone of which they are composed retaining the mark- 
ings very clearly, so that in many places you are able 
almost to trace the course of the glaciers. 
The finest series of moraines occur at the head of the 
great Langdale valley, at the point where the paths diverge 
by Rossett Gill to Wastdale, and over the Stake Pass to 
Borrowdale. The valleys formed by five brooks, off the 
shoulders of the Langdale Pikes and Bowfell here converge, 
and the glaciers at this point would be abundantly fed 
with ice from the lofty mountains, and a wide area of 
gathering ground. 
The moraines here stretch across the valley in a very 
perfect series of rounded knolls of huge boulders and 
debris, rising some 40 or 50 feet above the stream, and 
forming at least three irregular lines ; as if the glacier had 
gradually receded up the valley, at distant intervals of time. 
The boulders are of the porphyries and greenstones of the 
surrounding mountains, intermixed with clay soil, deeply 
tinged with red Haematite iron ore, which occurs abundantly 
