l>y so much as was necessary for the final finishing or 
getting up. These operations in the smithy, as before 
observed, have now ceased, the forgings are taken at once 
and placed in a machine, which by heavy and continuous 
cutting soon pares down the forgings, and then finishes 
them without changing them to another machine or pro- 
cess. Tool paring is not only economical of labour, but 
the result as to accuracy is more satisfactory. Mr. Johnson 
then showed to the meeting some specimens of steel and 
iron parings sent to him by Messrs. Smith and Coventry, 
machinists, Salford, and further remarked that these parings 
demonstrated very clearly the capabilities of the machines 
and cutting tools of the present day. One specimen from 
a Bessemer steel shaft, the result of taking a cut f ths of an 
inch deep by fths of an inch traverse, was particularly 
interesting on account of the form and size in which they, 
the parings, left the cutting tools. The cutting tools used 
in obtaining the specimens exhibited to the meeting were 
of a peculiar construction, and possessed some marked 
advantages over those in ordinary use. 
The President said that Mr. Brockbank, in a communi- 
cation made to the Society at its last meeting, stated “ that 
the estuary at Raven glass has a very remarkable appearance, 
from the numbers of large boulders of granite, green slate, 
porphyry, g.nd clay slate which lie scattered along the 
beach.” Had he (the President) been present, he should 
have called the attention of the members to two singular 
accumulations of boulder stones on the sea beach below Sea- 
scales station and west of Drigg station. At the first-named 
place the upper permian sandstone of St. Bees bounds the 
sea there at high-water mark, and is covered with blown 
sand in which arc mingled some large boulders. Along the 
shore, about 400 yards apart, are two singular banks of 
stones running down to low-water mark parallel to each 
