PIN 
.fate of thefe, as will defray the whole expence of the 
planting, and probably intereft for the money into 
the bargain. 
As the upright growth of thefe trees renders their 
wood the more valuable, they fhould be left pretty 
clofe together, whereby they will draw each other up, 
and grow very tall. I have feen fome of there trees 
growing, whofe naked items have been more than fe- 
venty feet high, and as (trait as a walking-cane, and 
from one of thefe trees there were as many boards 
fawed, as laid the -floor of a room near twenty feet 
fquare. If thefe trees are left eight feet afunder each 
way, it will be fufficient room for their growth •, 
therefore if at the nr it thinning a fourth part of the 
trees are taken away, the other may ftand twelve or 
fourteen years longer, by which time they will be of a 
fize for making ladders and ftandards for fcaffolding, 
and many other purpofes , fo that from this fale as 
much may be made, as not only to pay the remaining 
part of the expence of planting, if any fhould be 
wanting in the firft, but rent for the land with in- 
tereft, and the (landing trees for the fortunes of younger 
children. This may be demonftrated by figures, and 
there has been feveral examples of late years, where 
the profits have greatly exceeded what is here men- 
tioned. 
The fifth fort is called in Switzerland Torch Pine 
the peafants there make ufe of the wood of this tree 
inftead of torches for burning. This tree grows to a 
great height in its native foil, and is well turnifhed 
with branches. The wood is pretty full of refin, and 
when firft cut is of a reddifh colour ; this is lifted by 
the inhabitants in their buildings. 
The fixth fort of Pine makes but flow progrefs in 
England, unlefs upon the fummits of the northern 
mountains, where upon the peaty moors, this and the 
Siberian Pine are likely to fucceed much better than 
in any other part of Britain, for they naturally grow 
among fnow. 
The eighth fort is never a large tree in its native 
country, and in England it grows more like a ftirub 
than a tree, and is often greatly injured by cold in 
winter, and by fevere frofts fometimes killed, fo that 
this is only kept for the fake of variety in the Englifh 
gardens. 
The ninth and tenth forts ai« ufed indifferently by the 
inhabitants of North America for their buildings, and 
the fame purpofes as the other forts of Pine. 
There are fome varieties of thefe in America, if they 
are not diftinct fpecies. Some of them ripen their 
cones the firft year, but others are two years, and 
fome three before they are ripe ; but as thefe have not 
been well diftinguifned by thole who refide in that 
country, and there are few of the forts fo large in 
England as to produce cones, fo their differences can 
not as yet be afcertained. 
The eleventh and twelfth forts 1 believe are indiffe- 
rently called red Pine in North America, where their 
wood is greatly efteemed the French at Canada 
have built a fixty-gun fhip entirely of this wood, 
called the Saint Laurent. I have had had a little of 
this wood from America, which was very like that of 
the Scotch Pine, but had rather more refin. It may 
not be amifs to make trial of fome of thefe forts in 
plantations, to fee which of them may deferve to be 
propagated ; for in fome places where they are grow- 
ing they thrive very well, but thefe will not fucceed 
fo well on dry land as on moift. 
The thirteenth fort is called the white Pine in moft 
parts of North America ^ of this I believe there are 
two varieties, iff not diftind fpecies ; but as they 
have not been well examined by perfons of (kill, we 
cannot take upon us to determine this, for Monfieur 
Gaultier’s description of one fpecies is very different 
from that of the Weymouth Pine, and yet he has 
applied the title of white Pine to both. 
This fort deferves to be propagated for its beauty, 
which is fuperi.or to ail the forts of Pines yet known 
in England. The bark of the young trees and the 
branches are perfectly fmooth ; the branches are well 
P I P 
garnifhed with leaves, which are long, ahd of aft 
agreeable green, fo that in summer they have a beauty* 
and in winter they make a better appearance than any 
of the forts. The wood of this tree is very ufeful, 
efpeciaiiy for mails of drips, as the trees grow very 
tali and (trait, and are pliable, fo do not break with 
the wind, therefore the legislature thought proper to 
pafs a law for the prefervation and increafe of thefe 
trees in America but as thefe trees will thrive in 
England, they may be propagated in many places 
where the foil is proper for them. This fort grows 
belt upon a moift light foil, but it fhoulti not be too 
wet ; it will aifo thrive on a loamy foil, iff it is not too 
much approaching to clay. The feeds of this fort 
lliould be Town with a little more care than thofe of 
the Scotch Pine, becaufe their items are not fo llrong, 
therefore are more apt to go off while young j fo if 
thefe are (own in the full ground, the bed fhould be 
fcreened with mats from the fan every day, but ex- 
pofed to the dews every night. When the plants 
come up, they fhould be treated in the fame way as 
is before directed for the Scotch Pine ; and if all the 
plants of this kind are tranfpknted into beds in July, 
it will be a ft cere way to preferve them ; but as thefe 
plants well grow falter than thofe of the Scotch Pine, 
they fhould be planted farther afunder j their rows 
fhould be fix inches djftant, and in the rows they 
ftipuid be four inches apart. This will allow them 
room to grow till the faring twelvemonth following, 
when they may be either tranfplanted where they are 
to remain, or into a nurfery, where they may ftand 
two years to get ftrengch but the fooner they are 
planted where they are to ftand, the lefts danger there 
will be of their fucceeding, and the larger they 
will grew ; for although they will bear transplanting 
at a greater age, yet when they are planted young, 
they will make much greater progrefs, and grow to a 
greater fize. 
The foil in which this fort of tree thrives belt is a foft 
hazel loam, not too wet, in which I have frequently 
meafured (hoots of one year, which were two feet 
and a half long, and have for fome years continued 
growing fo much : they fhould have a (heltered fitu- 
ation, for I have obferved where the trees have been 
much expofed to the South- weft winds, they have not 
made near fo great a progrefs as thofe which grew in 
(helter ; and where there have been plantations of thefe 
trees, thofe on the out fide have not kept pace with 
the middle, nor have their leaves retained their ver- 
dure fo well. 
The fourteenth fort grows naturally on fwamps in 
many parts of North America, where I have been in- 
formed they grow to the height of twenty-five or thirty 
feet. Their leaves are a foot or more in length, grow- 
ing in tufts at the end of the branches, fo have a An- 
gular appearance, but I have not heard the wood 
was of any ufe but for fuel ; and there are few places 
here where thefe plants do well, for in very fevere 
frofts their leading fhoots are often killed, and in 
dry ground they will not thrive ; fo that unlefs the 
foil is adapted for them, it is to little purpofe planting 
them. 
From the wild Pine or Pineafter is procured the com- 
mon turpentine, which is chiefly ufed by the farriers, 
and from it is diftilled the oil of turpentine. The 
finer and more valuable part, which comes firft, is 
called the fpirit, what is left at the bottom of the 
(till is the common helm. 
The kernels of the nuts of the manured or Stone 
Pine are of a balfamic nourifhing nature, good for 
confumptions, coughs, and boarfenefs, reiterative, 
and of fervice after long illnefs. 
PIPER. Lin. Gen. Plant. 42. Saururus. Plum. Nov. 
Gen. 51. tab. 12. Pepper, or Lizard’s-tail. 
The Characters are, 
The flowers are clofely faftened to a fingle ftalk , and 
have no compleat Jheath •, thefe have no petals nor fiamina y 
hut have two fummits eppoflte to the root of the germm s 
which are roundifh ; they have a large oval germen, hut 
no ftyle, crowned by a prickly triple ftigma. "The ger men 
afterward 
443 
