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the firft, it cofts two guilders and a half, or three 
guilders in ftrong land each gemet, and over and 
above this, one guilder and a half to level the tops of 
the beds, and make them fmooth ; but it is better 
performed with the fpade, only it is more chargeable, 
for that cofts from eight to ten guilders each gemet, 
but at the fame time the clods are broken, and the 
furface of the beds is made fmooth and even. 
The fecondyear in the beginning of April, which is 
about the time the kiemen or young Ihoots are be- 
ginning to come out, the earth on the top of the beds 
fhould be fcuffled over and raked, to deftroy the 
young weeds, and make the furface fmooth and mel- 
low, that the kiemen may lhoot out the eafier above 
ground ; this labour cofts three fhillings each gemet. 
The fecond fummer there muft be the fame care taken 
to' keep the Madder clean as in the firft, and then 
nothing is planted in the furrows, or fuffered to grow 
there at the laft time of cleaning the ground, in 
September or October, the green haulm is again 
fpread down upon the beds ; and in November the 
Madder is again covered with earth, in tfie fame man- 
ner as the firft year. 
By this method of culture, one can fee how neceffary 
it is to plant the Madder in beds, for thereby it is 
much eafier covered with the earth of the furrows ; 
and hereby the earth of the beds is every time height- 
ened, whereby the Madder roots will be greatly 
lengthened, and the kiemen or young fhoots will have 
longer necks, and by being thus deeply earthed, will 
put out more fibres and have much better roots, with- 
out which they will not grow ; and it is of equal ufe 
to the mother plants, for by this method the roots 
will be longer •, and in this confifts the goodnefs and 
beauty of the Madder, for thofe which have but few 
main roots, are not fo much efteemed as thofe which 
are well furnifhed with fide roots called tengels a 
Madder plant that has many of thefe roots, is called 
a well bearded Madder plant ; therefore one muft 
never cut off thefe fide roots, for by fo doing there 
will be a lefs crop of Madder, and but few kiemen or 
young fhoots can be produced ; befides, by the lofs 
of moiflure, fometimes the plants will droop and be- 
come weak ; and there is great profit in having a large 
quantity of kiemen to draw in the fpring, which are 
in plenty the fecond and third years. 
The Madder roots are feldom dug up the fecond year, 
but generally after it has grown three fummers, there- 
fore the culture of the third year is the fame as in the 
fecond, during the fpring and fummer. 
Before the firft day of September, it is forbidden to 
dig up any Madder in this ifland ; but on that day 
early in the morning, a beginning is made, and the 
perfon who carries the firft cart load to the ftove, has 
a premium of a golden rider, or three ducats. 
The digging up the Madder of a gemet of land, cofts 
from thirty-fix to one hundred guilders, according to 
the goodnefs of the crop, and the lightnefs or ftiff- 
nefs of the ground, but in light land it cofts from 
nine to ten pounds Flemilh; the perfons who are adroit 
in this bufinefs, are generally paid five fhillings Fle- 
mifli per day. 
The Madder produces flowers in the middle of fum- 
mer, and fometimes a few feeds, but they never ripen 
here ; nor woukl they be of ufe to cultivate the plants, 
frnce it is fo eafily done by the kiemen. 
Some years paft they began to plant here the great 
wild Madder, which was called French Madder, but 
this was not efteemed fo good for ufe as the tame 
Madder, from which it differs much, fo that was 
not continued. The more bitter of tafte the roots 
of the Madder are, when taken out of the ground 
before it is brought to the ftove, the lefs it will loofe 
of its weight in drying, and is the better afterward 
for ufe. 
When the Madder is dug out of the ground, it is 
carried to the ftove, and there laid in heaps ; in that 
which is called the cold ftove, and feparated with 
hurdles made of wicker, and memorandums kept of 
each parcel, and to what countryman it belongs, that 
RUB 
each may be dried in their turns, and prepared df 
manufactured, for which turn generally lots are caff 
beforehand. The Madder thus carried to the ftove 
is relzyn. 
This relzyn is carried about fix o’clock in the morn- 
ing, into the tower or fteeple, hoifted in bafkets by 
ropes to the rooms, and divided or fpread, where it 
remains till the next day, two or three o’clock in the 
morning, about twenty or twenty-one hours ; then 
thofe roots which have lain in the hotteft places are 
removed to cooler, and thole in the cooler are re- 
moved to the hotter places nearer the oven. This is 
continued for four or five days, according as there 
has been more or lefs carried there ; but it is always 
the goods of one perfon, that every one may have 
his own, and of as equal quality as pofuble, when it 
is delivered out. 
When the Madder is fufficiently dried in the tower, 
then it is threfhed on the threlhing-fioor, which is 
made clean from dirt or filth, and then it is brought 
to the kiln, and there fpread on a hair-cloth for 
about twenty hours, during which time the kiln is 
made more or lefs hot, according as the roots are 
more or lefs thick, or the weather being more or lefs 
• cold. 
From the kiln theMadder is moved to the pounding- 
houfe, and is there pounded on an oaken block made 
hollow, with fix Hampers plated at the bottom with 
iron bands ; thefe Hampers are kept in motion by a 
mill very much refembling a grift mill, which is turn- 
ed by three horfes •, the prefence of the pounding- 
mafter is here always required, to ftir the Madder 
continually with a ftiovei, to bring it under the Hamp- 
ers. When the Madder is thus properly pounded, it 
is lifted over a tub till there is enough to fill a calk : 
this firft pounding, which chiefly confifts of the thin- 
neft and fmalleft roots, and the outfide hufks with 
fome earth, which by drying and threfhing could not 
be feparated, is called mor mull. 
What remains in the fleve is put on the block again, 
and pounded a fecond time, and when the pounding- 
m after gueffes a third part is pounded, then the Mad- 
der is taken out again and fifted over another tub, and 
put into a feparate cafk, and this is called gor gemeens; 
that which remains in this fecond operation, not enough 
pounded in the fleve, is for the third time put on the 
block, and pounded till it is all reduced to powder, 
which is called kor kraps. 
When the Madder is cleanfed from the dirt and mull, 
and is entirely pounded at once, then it is called oor 
onberoofde, fo that this onberoofcle actually confifts 
of the gemeens and kraps pounded together, and fift- 
ed without feparating them from each other. 
When there is two thirds of kraps, and one third ge- 
meens, which was feparately prepared or manufactur- 
ed, then they are called two and one, or marked 
The fweepings of the ftove, as alfo of the ground and 
beams being fwept together is not loft, but is put 
amongft the mull, or fold by itfelf. 
The fweepings of the mill, and every part of the 
pounding-place, is alfo gathered together, and put 
into a calk ; this is called den beer. 
When the Madder is thus prepared and put into calks, 
it is in Zealand examined by fworn affayers and tried, 
if it is not faulty packed up ; that is, whether in the 
preparing it is properly manufactured, or falfely 
packed up, and to fee if every part of the calk is filled 
with Madder of equal goodnefs and quality, not burn- 
ed in the drying, or mixed with dirt ; which the af- 
fayers by certain trials, and by weighing and walhing 
of the Madder can know, if it is according to the fta- 
tutes of the country. 
There are fundry ftatutes made and publifhed by the 
ftates of Zealand, concerning the preparing of Mad- 
der ; as one of the 28th of July 1662, one on the 
29th of September, and 31ft of October i6yr, ano- 
ther on the 23d of September 1699, and the laft on 
the 28th of April 1735: by which ftatutes, among 
other things, it is ftristly forbidden. That no perfon 
fhall prepare kraps, in which there lhall be more than 
1 1 O two 
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