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kjto pounds of dirt in a hundred weight *, nor above 
eight pounds in the like weight of onberoofde, or in 
gemeens more than twelve pounds in a hundred 
weight. 
If the Madder upon trial is found good, the arms of 
the city or village, and the fign of the ftove where 
the Madder was prepared, is painted on the calk with 
black paint. The trial of the Madder is in no place 
more exact, or more religioufly obferved, than in the 
city of Zirkzee 'j therefore the merchants in Germany, 
who know this, always prefer the Madder of that 
place to all others, and will not buy any which has 
not the arms of Zirkzee painted upon the calks, if 
they are to be had. 
We before mentioned the tower, the kiln, &c. where 
the Madder is dried and prepared for ufe, the draughts 
of thefe are exhibited in the annexed plates, with 
their explanation : but that a better judgment may 
be formed of their ufe, w r e fhall here take notice, that 
the tower is the place where the Madder is firft dried. 
This tower is heated by fifteen or lixteen pipes or flues 
of brick-work, which run on each fide the tower un- 
der the floor, and are covered with low burnt tiles, 
fome of which are loofe ; fo that by taking up thefe, 
the heat is moderated and conducted to any part of 
the tower, the perfon who has the care of drying the 
Madder pleafes. 
The tower has four or live lofts made of ftrong laths-, 
they are four or five feet above each other, upon 
which the Madder is laid ; thefe are heated by an oven, 
which is placed in the room where the work people 
live, and is by them called the glory. 
The kiln is in a room whofe length is equal to the 
breadth of the ftove, and is entirely arched over at 
the top : the oven by which the kiln is heated, is call- 
ed the hog ; this is built upon a ftone wall, which 
rifes a foot or two above ground ; and the fmali arch 
by which the heat paftes through every part, has fe- 
veral lquare little holes in the brick-work, that the 
heat may come out over thefe holes, on the top of 
the kiln, are laid wooden laths the whole length, and 
upon them a hair-cloth, on which the Madder is laid 
to dry, before it is carried to the pounding-place. In 
the Madder-ftoves there is no other fuel ufed but 
Friezland turf, which gives an equal and moderate 
heat. 
In the Madder-ftoves, the people work more by night 
than day •, firft, becaufe at the time of the year when 
the Madder is brought into the ltoves, the nights are 
much colder than the days ; and feeondly, that the 
mailer, who mult be always attentive to his work, may 
not be interrupted by ' vifitors j and thirdly, becaufe 
they fee lets dull } but principally, becaufe the Mad- 
der which is pounded in the night is of a much better 
colour than that which is pounded in the day. 
In the Madder-ftoves are always conftant workmen, 
one who is the drier, who has the care of drying the 
Madder in the tower and the kiln ; for the right per- 
formance of this, art and experience is required, the 
goodnefs of the Madder greatly depending on the 
right drying. This perfon is a fort of foreman, and 
has the direction of ail the workmen ; his pay is five 
ftivers, for every hundred weight of Madder which is 
prepared in the ftove ; he has one perfon under him 
for his affiftant, to perform part of the laborious work, 
and to be always at hand ; this man is paid eighteen 
or nineteen fhiliings per week Flemilh, which is the 
conftant wages. 
The third perfon is the pounder, who is always pre- 
fent when the Madder is pounding, who with a par- 
ticular fhovel which is fmali, and fitted to the cavity 
of the pounding-block, ftirs the Madder from time to 
time, to bring it under the Hampers ; he is paid four 
ftivers for every hundred weight of Madder. 
The fourth is a driver, who with a team of three 
horfes, cauies the mill to turn and pound the Mad- 
der ; his pay for himfelf and the three horfes, from 
eight to nine ftivers per hundred weight, according as 
he can bargain. 
Befides. thefe four, there are five other afilftants, who 
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lay the Madder on and take it off-, this is often per- 
formed by the wives and boys of the other workmen 
thefe five have fifty ftivers for every three thoufand 
pounds of Madder which is prepared, fo they have 
each ten ftivers. 
There are nineteen or twenty Madder-ftoves in the 
ifland of Schowen, which, at an average, prepare in 
one crop, that lafts from September to February, ten 
thoufand weight of Madder each, which in the whole, 
amounts to two million pounds weight ; and if we 
fuppofe, that the Madder is fold at an average for four 
pounds Flemilh per hundred weight, which is a mo- 
derate price, one may foon reckon what advantage 
the culture of this dyeing commodity produces to 
this one ifland. 
The countryipen pay to the owners of the Madder- 
ftoves, two guilders for preparing every hundred 
weight of mull, and for each hundred weight of hard 
Madder-, that is, ofkraps, gemeens, or onberoofde, 
three guilders, according as they will have them pre- 
pared. 
The building of a Madder-ftove quite new from the 
foundation, colls in the whole about twenty-four 
hundred pounds Flemilh, which is twelve hundred 
pounds fterling. 
PLATE I. 
An explanation of the plan of the cold ftove. 
Fig. i. Is the lower band, whofe thicknefs is four- 
teen by fixteen inches. 
2. The upper band, which is twelve by fourteen 
inches. 
3. The cap and band, which is ten by twelve 
inches. 
4. The upper cap, which is fix by feven inches. 
5. The two main jambs, which are thirteen by 
fifteen inches of ftone. 
6. The half bands and polls, of nine by feven 
inches. 
7. The uppermoft half band, which is final!,, 
fix by eight inches. 
PLATE II. 
A plan of the arched room cut through perpendicu- 
larly in the middle where the kiln ftands, with a 
reprefentation of the kiln. 
AA Is the cut of the arch. 
B The oven of the kiln, which is called the hog ; this 
has no chimney ; when the fire is firft kindled ei- 
ther with turf or other fuel, the finoke is let out 
through a fmali window. 
CCC A ftone foundation on which the oven and kiln 
is built. 
CC Is properly the kiln itfelf, which muft be obferved 
in what manner it is built, with little holes to 
let out the heat. 
DD Stone bands made for the greater firmnefs, about 
the kiln. 
EEEE Iron bars placed to ftrengthen the kiln, and 
alfo to lay the upper long lath upon. 
F Small crofs laths over the kiln, which lie from one 
end C to the other end C upon the kiln, but 
there are few of thefe reprefented, that the fmali 
holes of the kiln may better appear. 
G The door of the entrance. 
PLATE III. 
A plan of the tower where the Madder is firft laid 
to dry. 
A Is the oven of the tower. 
BB The pipes whereby the heat fpreads itfelf, is here 
fhewn by the openings where the tyles are taken 
off. 
C A fort of flairs by which they climb. 
DD The windlafs with its rope and hook, to hoift the 
Madder to the lofts. 
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