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EEEE The four lofts of the lath of the oven, 
F The chimney above the roof, 
G The door by which they enter. 
PLATE IY. 
An explanation of the plan of the fe&ion of the tower. 
Tier. 1. 1. 1. r. The four bands of the tower which are 
fixteen inches fquare. 
2. The cap band, ten by twelve inches. 
3. The fpringing band, fix by eight inches. 
4. The in terftice to the tower, fix by feven 
inches. 
5. The fpaning plate, five by feven inches. 
6 . 6 . The lower and fecond girder, fix by feven 
inches. 
7. The third girder, feven by nine inches. 
8. The fourth girder, fix by eight inches. 
9. The fifth girder, fix by feven inches. 
10. The crown piece of the tower, five by fix 
inches. 
The ribs in the tower muft be laid fourteen inches 
afunder from middle to middle, corner-ways, and the 
laths between an inch and a half diftant. 
PLATE V. 
A plan of the pounding-houfe, in which is {hewn at 
A, the driver, who, with his three horfes, caufes 
the mill to turn, which works the {hampers : At B 
is fhewn the pounder, who, with his {hovel, con- 
tinually brings the Madder under the hampers. 
Fig. 1. Is the beam which fupports the axle-tree, 
which is fourteen by fifteen inches. 
2. The hollow Oaken block or trough, twenty- 
feven by twenty-nine inches. 
3. The king poll, eighteen inches fquare. 
4. The upper band, fix by feven inches. 
5. The crofs bands, five by feven inches. 
6. The crofs arms, fix by ten inches. 
7. The fwaarden, fix by ten inches. 
8. The axis, from fix to eight inches. 
9. The feller, fix by eight inches of Elm wood. 
10. The king beam, eleven by thirteen inches 
Fir wood. 
11. The drawers under the mill, five by fix 
inches. 
12. The plate for the running of the truckle, 
three by fixteen inches. 
13. The wooden knobs to the wheel of Afh. 
14. The ftaves made of Box wood. 
15. The fix Hampers, fix inches fquare, of Afh. 
P L A T E VI. 
An explanation of the fedion of the pounding-houfe. 
Fig. 1. The under band, fixteen inches fquare. 
2. The upper band, twelve by fourteen inches. 
3. The band of the cap poll, ten by twelve 
inches. 
4. The fpringing band, fix by feven inches. 
5. The fpaning plate, five by feven inches. 
6. The firft girder, fix by feven inches. 
7. The fecond girder, nine by eleven inches. 
8. Th.e third girder, fix by eight inches. 
9. The uppermoft girder, fix by feven inches. 
10. The top or cap, four by five inches. 
The above account is the method of cultivating Mad- 
der in Zealand, where the belt Madder is now pro- 
duced •, ta this I fhall add, what I have obferved of 
the growing of Madder in other parts of Holland, as 
alfo the experience I have had of the growth of Mad- 
der in England, with an account of the method of 
planting it here. 
In the year 1727, I obferved a great quantity of this 
plant cultivated in Holland, between ITelvoetfluys 
and the Brill ; and it being the firft time I had ever 
feen any confiderable parcel of it, I was tempted to 
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make feme enquiries about its culture, and take Tome 
minutes of it down upon the fpot, which i fhall here 
infert, for the ufe of fuch as may have curiofity to at- 
tempt the culture of it. 
In autumn they plough the land, where they intend 
to plant Madder in the fpring, and lay it in high 
ridges, that the fro ft may mellow it ; in March they 
plough it again, and at this feafon they work it very- 
deep, laying it up in ridges eighteen inches afunder, 
and about a foot high ; then about the beginning of 
April, when the Madder will begin to fhoot out of 
the ground, they open the earth about their old roots, 
and take off all the fide-fhoots which extend them- 
felves horizontally, juft under the furface of the 
ground, preferving as much root to them as pofilble; 
thefe they tranfplant immediately upon the tops of 
the new ridges, at about a foot apart, obferving al- 
ways to do this when there are fame {bowers, be- 
caufe then the plants will take root in a few days, 
and will require no water. 
When the plants are growing, they carefully keep 
the ground hoed, to prevent the weeds from coming 
up between them j for if they are {mothered by weeds, 
especially when young, it will either deftroy or weaken 
them fo much, that they ieldom do well after. In thefe 
ridges they let the plants remain two feafons, during 
which time they keep the ground very clean and at 
Michaelmas, when the tops of the plants are decayed, 
they take up the roots and dry them for fale. This is 
what I could learn of their method of cultivating this 
plant, to which I will fubjoin a few obfervations of my 
own, which I have fince made upon the culture of 
Madder in England. 
The land upon which I have found Madder thrive 
beft, is a foft fandy loam, and if it has been in til- 
lage fome years, it will be better than that which is 
frefh broken up. This ffiould have at leaf!: a depth 
of two feet and a half, or three feet of good earth, 
and muft be quite clear from Couch, or the roots of 
any bad weeds ; for as the roots of Madder fhould 
remain three years in the ground, fo where there 
are any of thofe weeds which fpread and mul- 
tiply at their roots, they will intermix with the Mad- 
der roots, and in three years will have taken fuch pof- 
feffion of the ground, as to greatly weaken the Mad- 
der, and render it very troublefome to feparate when, 
the Madder is taken up. 
The ground fhould be ploughed deep before winter, 
and laid in ridges to mellow , and if it is not too 
ftrong, there will be no neceffitv for ploughing it 
again, till juft before the time of planting the Mad- 
der, when the land fhould be ploughed as deep as the 
beam of the plough will admit ; and there Ihould be 
men following the plough in the furrows, which 
fhould dig a full fpit below the furrow, and turn it 
up on the top •, by preparing the ground of this 
depth, the roots of the Madder will ftrike down, and 
be of greater length, in which the goodnefs of the 
crop "chiefly confifts. The land being thus prepared 
and made level, will be fit to receive the plants. The 
beft time for planting of the Madder is about the mid- 
dle or the latter end of April, according as the fea- 
fon is more or lefs forward, which muft be deter- 
mined by the young fhoots ; for when thefe are about 
two inches above ground, they are in the beft ftate 
for planting. 
In the taking up of thefe {hoots for planting, the 
ground fhould be opened with a fpade, that they may 
be feparated from the mother plants with as much 
root as poffible ; for if the roots are broken off, they 
will not fucceed : thefe plants fhould be drawn up no 
fafter than they are planted ; for if they lie long above 
ground, they will ihrink and their tops will wither,, 
and then they often mifearry j therefore if they are 
brought from a diftant place, there fliould be great 
care taken in the packing of them up for carriage ; 
efpecial regard fhould be had not to pack them fo 
clofe, or in fo great quantity, as to caufe them to heat, 
for that will foon fpoil them but if they are a little 
withered 
