RUB 
take notice of, left they fhould have fo much weight 
as to prevent many perfons from engaging in it. The 
firft which has been generally ftarted is, that the land 
in this country is not fo well adapted for growing 
Madder as that in Holland : to which I can with 
truth affirm, that there are vaft tra&s of land here 
much better adapted for producing Madder than the 
beft land in Zealand •, and from the experience which 
I have had of its growth, will produce a greater crop. 
Another objedlion which I have heard, was the la- 
bour in Holland being cheaper than in England. The 
Dutch will always underfell us, fo confequently will 
maintain this branch of trade-, but this is certainly a great 
miftake : for though the labourers employed in cul- 
tivating Madder may not earn fo great wages as is ge- 
nerally paid in England, fure I am, that the difference 
between an expert Englilh labourer and that of the 
beft Dutchman, in the ploughing, hoeing, planting, 
&c. of Madder, is much greater than that of their 
pay ; for I am fure a good Englilh gardener or plough- 
man will do more bufinefs, and perform it better, in 
four days, than the beft workman in Holland can do 
in fix. What I now fay is greatly within compals, 
from my own knowledge ; fo that, fuppofing we were 
to proceed in the fame manner now pradtifed by the 
Dutch, this could be no objection to the cultivating of 
Madder ; but we lhall foon find ways of performing 
the moft laborious part, at much lefs expence, by 
means of the hoeing plough, which may be ufed to 
great advantage in the cultivation of Madder, whereby 
the expence will be much lefiened ; and, when once 
this is well eftablilhed in England, there can be no 
doubt but that great improvements will be made both 
in the culture and method of preparing the commo- 
dity for ufe. 
There has been objedtions made againft farther trials 
of growing Madder, becaufe fome who have engaged 
in it have not fucceeded : but in anfwer to this, it 
muft be obferved, that their ill fuccefs was owing to 
a want of fkill. Some of them continued to plant 
repeated crops of Madder on the fame fpot of ground, 
till the roots became fo fmall, as fcarce to pay the ex- 
pence of digging up ; and here it is proper to obferve, 
that Madder Ihould not be planted on the fame land, 
till after an interval of feven or eight years during 
which interval the ground may be fown with any 
fort of grain, or kitchen vegetables, which it will pro- 
duce to great advantage^ after Madder, becaufe the 
land will be wrought fo deep. The Dutch always 
fow grain upon their Madder ground in the intervals 
of four years, and have great crops from it ; and 
they are obliged, from the fcarcity of land fit for 
this purpofe, to plant the fame ground after an inter- 
val of four yeaas ; but, as we are not under the fame 
necefiity, it will be much better to ftay eight years, 
for the roots of Madder are very fimilar to thofe of 
Afparagus, and draw much the fame nourifhment 
from the ground •, and it is well known that, when 
Afparagus roots are dug up, which have been grow- 
ing three years, if the fame is planted with Afparagus 
again in a few r years, , it will not thrive equal to that 
which is planted on ground upon which Afparagus 
has not grown for feveral years ; and this is always 
found to be the cafe even in kitchen-gardens near 
London, where, by the well working and frequent 
dunging the ground, it may be fuppofed changed in 
three or four years, more than the fields can poflibly 
be in eight or ten. 
Madder fhould not be planted in very rich dunged 
land, for in fuch there will be very large haulm, but 
the roots will not be in proportion i and, where there 
is much dung or fea-coal allies, the Madder roots 
will be of a darker colour, as it will alfo where it is 
cultivated in the fmoke of London, which is likewife 
the cafe with Liquorice *, for that which grows in a 
fandy loam at a diftance from London, is always much 
brighter and clearer than that which grows in the rich 
lands in the neighbourhood of London. 
In Zealand the Madder is principally cultivated by 
RUB 
the kitchen -gardeners, who, in the change of their 
crops, do every fourth or fifth year plant the Mad- 
der upon the fame ground again, in like manner as 
the gardeners in the neighbourhood of London plant 
Afparagus for forcing in winter upon hot- beds. And 
as they have public kilns in Holland for drying of 
the Madder roots, fo they know the expence of ma- 
nufadturing the commodity for fale, which renders 
the cultivation fure and eafy to them. 
If the cultivation of Madder is carried on properly 
in England, it will employ a great number of hands 
from the time harveft is over, till the fpring of the 
year, which is generally a dead time for labourers, 
and hereby the parilhes may be eafed of the poor’s 
rate, which is a confideration worthy of public at- 
tention. 
RUB US. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 614. tab. 385. Lin. 
Gen. Plant. 557. [This plant is fo called, of the red 
colour of the fruit before it comes to maturity.] The 
Bramble or Rafpberry-bufh ; in French, Ronce. 
The Characters are, 
*. The flower has a permanent empalement of one leaf, which 
is cut into five fpear-fhaped fegments ; it hath five roundijh 
petals , and a great number of ftamina which are infert.ed 
in the empalement , and are Jhorter than the petals , ter- 
minated by roundijh comprefifed fummits , with a great num- 
ber of germen , having fmall hair-like fiyles on the fide of 
the germen, crowned by a fingle permanent ftigma. 'The ger- 
men afterward becomes a berry compofed of many acini col- 
lected into a head , each having one cell , in which is con- 
tained one oblong feed. 
This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth fedtion of 
Linnasus’s twelfth clafs, which contains thofe plants 
whofe flowers have many ftamina which are inferted in 
the empalement, and many ftyles. 
The Species are, 
1. Rubus ( Fruticofus ) foliis quinato-digitatis ternatif- 
que, caule petiolifque aculeatis. Flor. Suec. 409. 
Bramble or Blackberry with hand-Jhaped leaves , having 
five and three lobes , and the foot-flalk and branches 
prickly. Rubus vulgaris five Rubus frudtu nigro. 
C. B. P. 479. The common Blackberry. 
2. Rubus ( Cafius ) foliis ternatis fubnudis lateralibus bi- 
lobis caule aculeato. Hort. Cliff. 192. Bramble with 
naked trifoliate leaves and a prickly ftalk. Rubus repens 
frudtu ctefio. C. B. P. 479. The Dewberry. 
3. Rubus ( Idaus ) foliis quinato-pinnatis ternatifque, 
caule aculeato, petiolis canaliculatis. Flor. Suec. 408. 
Bramble with winged leaves , having five and three lobes , 
a prickly ftalk , and channelled foot-ftalks. Rubus Idsus 
fpinofis. C. B. P. 479. Prickly Rafpberry. 
4. Rubus [Glabro') foliis ternatis fubtus tomentofis, caule 
glabro. Rafpberry with trifoliate leaves , which are woolly 
on their under fide , and have a fmooth ftalk. Rubus 
Idasus kevis. C. B. P. 479. The fmooth Rafpberry. 
5. Rubus ( Occidentals ) foliis quinato-pinnatis ternatif- 
que, caule aculeato* petiolis teretibus. Lin. Sp. 
Plant. 493. Bramble with winged leaves having five and 
three lobes , a prickly ftalk , and taper foot-ftalks. Rubus 
Idteus frudtu nigro, Virginianus. Hort. Ekh. 327. 
Virginia Rafpberry with a black fruit. 
6. Rubus ( Odoratus ) foliis fimplicibus palmatis, caule 
inermi multifolio multifloro. Hort. Cliff. 192. Rafp- 
berry with fingle hand-Jhaped leaves , and an unarmed ftalk 
having many leaves and flowers. Rubus odoratus. 
Cornut. 153. Sweet panada Rafpberry, commonly called 
flowering Rafpberry. 
7. Rubus ( Hifpidus ) foliis ternatis nudis, caulibus peti- 
olifque hifpidus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 493. Bramble with 
naked leaves growing by threes , and hairy ftalks and foot- 
Jlalks. ' 
8. Rubus ( Saxatillus ) foliis ternatis nudis, flagdlis re- 
pentibus herbaceis. Flor. Suec. 411. Bramble with 
naked trifoliate leaves , and creeping herbaceous ftalks. 
Chamrerubus faxatillus. C. B. P. no. Dwarf Rock 
Bramble. 
9. Rubus ( Artticus ) foliis ternatis, caule inermi uni- 
floro. Flor. Suec. 412. Bramble with trifoliate leaves » 
and an unarmed ftalk having one flower ... Rubus hu mi- 
lls, 
