S A M 
water as they may require it, they will have put out 
good roots in about two months, when they fhould 
be inured gradually to the open air, into which they 
fhould be removed foon after. The cuttings, which 
are raifed early in the fealbn, will become ftrong plants 
before winter, lb will be in a better condition to refill 
the cold than thole which are weak. 
If the cuttings are planted in fummer, they will re- 
quire no artificial heat, fo that if thefe are planted on 
a bed of frefh loamy earth, and covered clofe down 
with a bell or hand-glafs, and Shaded from the fun 
in the heat of the day, giving them now and then a 
little water, they will take root freely ; and when they 
begin to fhoot, they fhould have free air admitted to 
them by railing the glafs on one fide, and fo gradu- 
ally expofed to the open air. When the plants are 
well rooted, they Ihould be each tranfplanted into a 
feparate fmall pot filled with frefh light earth, and 
placed in a fhady fituation till they have taken new 
root ; then they may removed to a fheltered fituation, 
where they may remain till the approach of froft, 
when they muft be carried into fhelter, and in winter 
treated in the fame manner as other hardy green-lioufe 
plants, which only require protection from froft, ob- 
ferving not to over-water them during the cold wea- 
ther, but in fummer, when they are in the open air, 
they will require it often. 
SALVIA AGRESTIS. See Teucrium. 
SAMBUCUS. Tourn. Inft. R. IT. 606. tab. 376. 
Lin. Gen. Plant. 334. [fo called of fambuca, a mu- 
fical inftrument made of this wood, and ufed by the 
ancients.] The Elder-tree •, in French, Sureau. 
The Characters are, 
The flower has a J, mall permanent empalement of one leaf, \ 
cut into five parts it has one concave wheel-flsaped pe- 
tal, cut into five obtufe fegments at the brim , which are re- 
fluxed, and five awl-fhaped ftamina the length of the petal, 
terminated by roundifh fummits , with an oval germen 
fituated under the flozver , having no jlyle , in room of 
which is a fwelling gland, crowned by three obtufe ftigmas. 
The germen afterward becomes a roundifij berry with one 
cell, including three angular feeds. 
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fection of 
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, which contains thole plants whofe 
flowers have five ftamina and three ftyles. 
The Species are, 
1. Sambucus {Nigra) caule arboreo ramofo, floribus 
umbellatis. Flor. Leyd. Prod. 243. Elder with a 
branching tree-like ftalk , and flowers growing in umbels. 
Sambucus fructu in umbella nigro. C. B. P. 456. 
Common Elder with blackberries growing in an umbel. 
2. Sambucus ( Laciniata ) foliis pinnatifidis, floribus 
umbellatis, caule fruticofo ramofo. Elder with wing- 
pointed leaves , flowers growing in umbels , and a fhrubby 
branching ftalk. Sambucus laciniato folio. C. B. P. 
456. Cut-leaved Elder , commonly called Parfley-leaved 
Elder. 
3. Sambucus ( Racemofa ) racemis compofltis, ovatis, 
caule arboreo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 270. Elder with oval 
compound bunches of flowers, and a tree-like ftalk. Sam- 
bucus racemofa rubra. C. B. P. 456. Red-berried 
Mountain Elder. 
4. Sambucus ( Ebulns ) caule herbaceo ramofo, foliolis 
dentatis. Tab. 22 6. Elder with a branching herbaceous 
ftalk , and the f mall leaves indented. Sambucus humi- 
lis, five Ebulus. C. B. P. 456. Dwarf Elder, or Ebulus. 
5. Sambucus ( Hnmilus ) caule herbaceo ramofo, foliolis 
lineari-lanceolatis acute dentatis. Elder with an her- 
baceous branching ftalk, and linear fpear-fhaped lobes whuh 
are ft sar ply indented. Sambucus humilis, five Ebulus 
folio laciniato. C. B. P. 456. Dwarf Elder , or Ebu- 
lus, with a cut leaf. 
6 . Sambucus ( Canadenfis ) cymis quinquepartitis, foliis 
fub-bipinnads, caule frutefcente. Lin. Sp. Plant. 
385. Canada Elder with winged leaves, and a fhrubby 
ftalk. 
The firft fort here mentioned is the common Elder, 
which is fo well known as to need no defcription * of 
this there are the following varieties, viz. the white 
and green berried Elder-, and the variegated leaved 
SAM 
Elder. The latter is undoubtedly a variety, but 1 
much doubt if the white is not a diftindt fpecies, for 
the lobes of the leaves are much lefs, and are very 
{lightly fawed on their edges, whereas thofe of the 
common fort are deeply fawed j they are alfo fmcoth- 
er and of a lighter green, and the plants which 
have been raifed from the berries have not altered,' 
fo there is great reafon for fuppofing them different 
fpecies * but as I have made but one trial of this, I 
am unwilling to determine upon a Angle experiment, 
but ftiall leave it as a doubt tilt further trial is made. 
The fecond fort is generally titled Parfley-leaved El- 
der, by the gardeners * this is by fame fuppofed to be 
only a variety of the firft, but there can be little rea- 
fon for doubting of its being a diftindl fpecies. The 
lobes of thefe leaves are narrower than thofe of the 
firft, and are cut into feveral fegments * thefe are 
again deeply indented on their edges regularly, in 
form of winged leaves. The ftalks of this are much 
fmaller than thofe of the firft, and the fhoots are fhort y 
the leaves have not fo ftrong an odour, and their ber- 
ries are a little fmaller. 
The third fort grows naturally upon the mountains in 
Germany and Italy •, this fends up many fhrubby 
ftalks from the root, which rife ten or twelve feet 
high, and divide into many branches, which are co- 
vered with a brown bark * the leaves come out oppo- 
fite * thofe on the lower part of the branches are com- 
poled generally of two pair of lobes, terminated by 
an odd one * thefe are Ihorter and broader than thofe 
of the common Elder, and are deeply fawed on their 
edges * the leaves on the upper part of the branches 
have frequently but three lobes * they are of a pale 
green colour, and pretty fmooth. The flowers come 
out at the end of the fnoots in oval bunches, which 
are compoled of feveral fmaller * they are of an her- 
baceous white colour, and appear in April* thefe are 
fometimes fucceeded by berries in England, which are 
red when ripe. 
The fourth fort grows naturally in many of the mid- 
land counties in England, where it is frequently a 
troublefome weed in the fields ; this is called Dwarf 
Elder, Danewort, and Walwort. It hath creeping 
roots which fpread far in the ground on every fide, fo 
propagates very fall; wherever the plant once gets pof- 
fefllon.; the ftalks are herbaceous, and rife from three 
to five feet high, in proportion to the goodnefs of the 
ground, and fend out a few fide branches toward the 
top * they are garnifhed with winged leaves, com- 
pofed of fix or feven pair of narrow lobes, terminated 
by an odd one * thefe are about four inches long, and 
one broad near their bafe, ending in acute points * 
they are of a deep green, a little indented on their 
edges, and are placed by pairs along the midrib. The 
flowers grow in umbels at the top of the ftalks * - they 
are of the fame form with thofe of the common El- 
der, but are fmaller, and are fpotted with red. Thefe 
appear in July, and are fucceeded by black berries 
like thofe of the common Elder, but are fmaller. 
This plant is frequently ufed in medicine * it purges 
ferous watery humours by ftool, and is therefore much 
recommended for the droply, in which diforder I 
have known the juice of this plant perform wonders 
in a fhort time •, it was adminiftered three times a 
week, two fpoonfuls was the dofe given at each time. 
It is alio accounted a good medicine for the gout, 
and fcorbutic diiorders. The young fhoots of the 
common Elder are frequently fold for this in the mar- 
kets, from which it may be eafily diftinguifhed, by 
the number and fhape of the lobes on each leaf : 
the common Elder has feldom more than five lobes to 
each leaf, which are broader and much fhorter than 
than thofe of the Dwarf Elder, and are pretty deeply- 
fawed on their edges * but the leaves of the Dwarf 
Elder have nine, eleven, or thirteen lobes to each leaf,- 
which are long, narrow, and very ftightly indented 
on their edges. 
The roots of the fifth fort do not creep fo much in the 
ground as thofe of the fourth * the ftalks are herba- 
ceous, but do not rife fo high, and are clofely o-ar- 
1 1 U nifhed 
