TOR 
or three divifions, and are terminated by 'umbels of 
white flowers which have large involucrums, for the 
moft part trifid. The points are fpear-lhaped, and 
at their bafe is fituated a fmall umbel, compofed of a 
few flowers fitting clofe to the tails of the involucrums. 
The flowers are fucceeded by large, oval, comprefled, 
bordered feeds. 
The fourth fort grows naturally in Italy. The ftalks 
of this branch out from the bottom, and feldom rife 
a foot high ; they are hairy and rough. The lower 
leaves are compofed of three pair of roundifh lobes, 
terminated by an odd one, which are hairy and jagged. 
The general umbel is compofed of eight fmall ones, 
which ftand upon very long foot-ftalks, and fpread 
out wide from each other. The flowers are white, 
and the exterior petal of each is much larger than 
thofe of the two firft forts ; thefe are fucceeded by 
roundifh, comprefled, bordered feeds. 
The fifth fort grows naturally about Aleppo, and in 
other parts of Syria. The bottom leaves are doubly 
winged, each leaf being compofed of four pair of 
wings terminated by an odd one. The wings are 
compofed of feven oval lobes Handing alternately, 
which are deeply jagged ; they are of a yellowifh green 
colour, and a little hairy. The ftalks are taper, and 
not channelled ; they rife two feet and a half high, 
have a few fmall hairs flattered over them, and at 
each joint are garnifhed with one fmaller winged leaf; 
they fend out one or two fhort branches toward the 
top, and are terminated by large umbels of yellow 
flowers, compofed of ten fmall umbels, whofe foot- 
ftalks are alternately longer ; thefe fpread open wide 
from each other. The flowers are fucceeded by com- 
prefled oval feeds, fhaped like thofe of Parfneps, of 
a yellowifh colour. 
The fixth fort grows naturally in arable land in feve- 
ral of the maritime counties in England, fo is rarely 
admitted into gardens ; this has trailing ftalks which 
fpread flat on the ground, and are a foot or more in 
length. The leaves are like thofe of Parfley, but are 
cut into finer fegments •, the umbels of flowers are 
fmall, and fit clofe to the joints of the ftalks •, the 
flowers are fmall and white ; they are fucceeded by 
fhort feeds a little comprefled, and fet with fharp burry 
prickles on their outfide. 
The leventh fort grows naturally on the fide of banks 
and foot-paths in many parts of England •, this rifes 
with a (lender ftalk three feet high. The leaves are 
like thofe of Parfley ; their lobes are fpear-fhaped, 
and have winged points ; they are hairy, and ftand 
thinly on the ftalks. The flowers are produced in 
fmall umbels at the top of the ftalks, which are com- 
pofed of feveral fmall umbels or rays which clofe to- 
gether ; they are fmall, and of a pale red colour, and 
are fucceeded by fmall prickly feeds. 
The eighth fort grows naturally among the Corn in 
Cambridgefhire, and in fome other parts of England. 
This rifes with a channelled ftalk three feet high, 
garnifhed with one winged leaf at each joint, com- 
pofed of two pair of lobes terminated by a long one : 
they are broad, fpear-fhaped, and deeply fawed on 
their edges. The umbels of flowers which terminate 
the ftalks are cluttered together *, the feeds are broad, 
rough, and have borders round them. 
All thefe plants may be termed annual, becaufethey 
do not live more than one year ; but fome of them are 
called biennial, from the young plants which come up 
in autumn living through the winter, and producing 
their flowers and fruit the following fummer ; but as 
the feeds which are fown or permitted to flatter, 
perfect their feeds in the compafs of one year, they 
ihould be termed annual, for this is the property of 
many of the plants with umbellated flowers, whofe 
feeds fhould be fown in autumn ; otherwife, if they 
come up (which frequently does not happen the fame 
year when they are fown in the fpring,) the plants 
generally decay before their feeds ripen ; but as their 
whole growth is performed within the year, they are 
efteemed as annual plants. 
They are propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown 
4 
T O U 
in autumn foon after they are ripe, when the plants 
will foon appear, and are very hardy, fo that they re- 
quire no farther care but to keep them clear from 
weeds, and where they come up too clofe together, 
they fhould be thinned, fo as to leave them fix & inches 
afunder. In June following the plants will flower, 
and their feeds will ripen in Auguft, which, if per- 
mitted to flatter on the ground, will produce a fupDly 
of plants without any trouble. If the feeds of thefe 
plants are kept out of the ground till fpring, they 
feldom fucceed ; for if any plants are produced from 
the feeds then fown, they commonly perifli before 
they have perfeded their feeds, whereas thofe which 
are fown in autumn rarely fail. Thefe plants will 
grow on any foil or fituation, fo may be put into any 
obflure part of the garden. 
TORMENTILLA. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 298. tab. 
153. Lin. Gen. Plant. 153. Tormentil, 
The Characters are. 
The flower has a plain empalement of one leaf divided 
into eight fegments at the top ; it has four oval heart- 
fhaped petals , whofe tails are inferted in the empalement , 
and fpread open , and many awl-jhaped ftamina which are 
inferted in the empalement, terminated by fingle fummits ; 
it has eight fmall germen collected in a head , which have 
fender fyles the length of the germen inferted to their 
fides , crowned by obtufe ftigmas . The germen afterward 
turns to a fruit , containing many fmall feeds included in 
the empalement. 
This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth fedion of 
Linnaeus’s twelfth clafs, which includes thofe plants 
whofe flowers have from twelve to twenty ftamina, 
which are inferted in the empalement. 
The Species are, 
1. Tormentilla ( Eredia ) caule eredo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 
500. Tormentil with an eredt ftalk. Tormentilla vul- 
garis. Park. Theat. 394. Common Tormentil. 
2. Tormentilla ( Reptans ) caule repente, foliis petio- 
latis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 500. Tormentil with a creeping 
ftalk , and leaves on foot-ftalks. Pentaphyllum reptans, 
alatum, foliis profundius ferratis. D. Plot. Oxf. 6. 1. 
7. tab. 9. Creeping winged Cinquefoil , with leaves which 
are deeply fawed. 
The firft fort grows wild on dry paftures and com- 
mons in moft parts of England, fo is never cultivated 
in gardens ; this is fo commonly known as to need no 
deflription. The roots of this plant have been fre- 
quently ufed for tanning of leather, in places where 
Oak bark is flarce. This root is alfo much ufed in 
medicine, and is accounted the beft aftringent in the 
whole vegetable kingdom. 
The fecond fort is found in fome particular places of 
England growing wild, butparticularly in Oxfordfhire. 
The ftalks of this fort fpread on the ground, and emit 
roots from their joints, whereby they propagate very 
fall : this is rarely preferved, unlefs in fome botanic 
gardens for the fake of variety. It requires no care to 
propagate thefe plants, fince, if their roots are once 
planted in almoft any foil or fituation, the plants will 
flourifh without any other care, but to prevent their 
being over-run with great weeds. 
TOUR N E F O R T I A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 176. Pit- 
tonia. Plum. Nov. Gen. 5. tab. 3. 
The Characters are, 
The empalement of the flower is of one leaf cut into five 
fmall fegments at the top , and is permanent. The flower 
is of one petal, of the globular bell-fhape, and cut at the 
brim into five acute points, which fpread open horizontally ; 
it has five awl-fhaped ftamina the length of the tube , ter- 
minated by fingle fummits , and a globular germen fupport- 
ing a fingle ftyle the length of the ftamina , crowned by a 
fingle ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a fpherical 
fucculent berry, inclofing four oblorg oval feeds refting upon 
the empalement. 
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion of 
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, which includes thofe plants 
whofe flowers have five ftamina and one ftyle. 
Father Plunder, who diftove ed feveral fpecies of this 
genus in America, conftituted this genus, and gave it 
the title of Pittonia, in honour of Dr. Jofeph Pitton 5 
but 
