T U L 
a foft gentle loam, not too ftiff, nor over light ; this 
fhould be well wrought, and the clods well broken, 
and made fine. There mud be great care taken not 
to break the roots of the plants in taking them up, 
for they are very tender ; they fhould be planted again 
as foon as poflible, for if their roots are long out of 
the ground, they will be much injured thereby. Thefe 
may be planted in rows at about a foot diftance, and 
at fix inches diftance in the rows, for as they fhould 
not remain long in thefe nurfery-beds, fo this will be 
room enough for them to grow •, and by having them 
fo clofe, they may be fhaded in the fummer, or fhel- 
tered in the winter, with more eafe than when they 
are farther apart. 
When the plants are thus planted, if the furface of 
the beds is covered with rotten tanners bark, or with 
Mofs, it will prevent the earth from drying too fall, 
fo that the plants will not require to be fo often wa- 
tered, as they muft be where the ground is expofed to 
the fun and air ; after this, the farther care will be to 
keep them clean from weeds, and if the latter part 
of fummer fhould prove moift, it will occafion the 
plants growing late in autumn, fo the tops will be 
tender and liable to be killed by the firfl frofts. In 
this cafe, they fhould be covered with mats to pro- 
teA them. 
If the plants make great progrefs the firft fummer, 
they may be tranfplanted again the following fpring ; 
part of them may be planted in the places where they 
are to remain, and the other fhould be planted in a 
nurfery where they may grow two or three years to 
acquire ftrength before they are planted out for good ; 
though the younger they are planted in the places 
where they are to ftand, the larger they will grow, for 
the roots run out into length, and when they are cut 
it greatly retards their growth, fo that thefe trees 
fhould never be removed large, for they rarely fuc- 
ceed when they are grown to a large fize before they 
are tranfplanted. Some trees I have feen removed 
pretty large, which have furvived their removal, but 
young plants of two or three years old which were 
planted near them, were much larger in fifteen years 
than the old ones. 
When the feeds are fown upon a bed in the full 
ground, the bed fhould be arched over with hoops, 
and fhaded in the heat of the day from the fun, and 
frequently refrefhed with water •, as alfo fhould the 
plants when they appear, for when they are expofed 
much to the fun they make but fmall progrefs. The 
care of thefe in fummer muft be to keep them clean 
from weeds, fupplying them duly with water, and 
fhading them from the fun in hot weather ; but as 
thefe feeds will not come up fo foon as thole which 
were placed on a hot-bed, they generally continue 
growing later in autumn, therefore will require fhel- 
ter from the early frofts in autumn ; for as the fhoots 
of thefe will be much fofter than thofe of the plants 
which had longer time to grow, fo if the autumnal 
frofts fhould prove fevere, they will be in danger of 
being killed down to the furface of the ground, by 
which the whole fummer’s growth will be loft, and 
fometimes the plants are entirely killed by the froft 
the firft winter, if they are not proteAed. 
As thefe plants will not have advanced fo much in 
their growth as the other, they fhould remain in the 
feed-bed to have another year’s growth before they are 
removed; therefore all that will be neceftary to ob- 
serve the fecond year is to keep them clean from 
weeds ; and now they will not be in fo much dano-er 
of fullering from the warmth of the fun as before, 
therefore will not require fuch conftant care to (hade 
them ; nor fhould the watering of them be continued 
longer than the fpring, for if the autumn fhould prove 
dry, it will prevent the plants from fhooting late, 
and harden thofe fhoots which were made early in 
the year, whereby the plants will be in lefs danger 
from the early frofts. 
After the plants have grown two years in the feed-bed, 
they will be ftrong enough to remove, therefore, in 
the fpring, juft at the time when their buds begin to 
fwell, they fhould be carefully taken up, and trans- 
planted into nurfery-beds, and treated in the fame way 
as has been before directed for the plants which were 
raifed on a hot-bed. 
T here are fome people who propagate this tree by 
layers, but the layers are commonly two or three years 
before they take root, and the plants fo raifed, feldom 
make fuch ftrait trees as thofe raifed from feeds ; tho r 
indeed they will produce flowers fooner, as is always 
the cafe with ftinted plants. 
This tree fhould be planted on a light loamy foil, 
not too dry, on which it will thrive much better than 
upon a ftrong clay, ora dry gravelly ground; for In 
America they are chiefly found upon a moift light 
foil, where they will grow to a prodigious fize, though 
it will not be proper to plant thefe trees in a foil 
which is too moift in England, becaufe it might en- 
danger the rotting of the fibres of the roots, by the 
moifture continuing too long about them, efpecially 
if the bottom be clay, or a ftrong loam, which will 
detain the wet. 
TURKS CAP. SeeLiLiuM. 
TURKY WHEAT. See Zea. 
TURNEP. See Rap a. 
TURNER A. Plum. Nov. Gen. 15. tab. 12. Lin. 
Gen. Plant. 338. 
The Characters are, 
‘I’ he empalement of the flower is funnel-Jbaped , of one leaf, \ 
having an oblong , cylindrical , angular tube , and is cut 
into five fegments. The flower has jive heart-Jhaped , point- 
ed, plain petals , with narrow tails which are infer ted in 
the tube of the empalement ; it has. five awl fleaped ftami- 
na which are fhorter than the petals , inferted in the em- 
palement , and are terminated by acute-pointed erect fum- 
mits , and a conical germen fupporting three /lender fly les, 
crowned by hairy many-pointed ftigmas. The germen af- 
terward turns to an oval capfule with one cell , which opens 
at the top with three valves , and contains fever al oblong 
obtufe feeds. 
This genus of plants is ranged in the third feAion 
of Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, which includes thofe plants 
whofe flowers have five male and three female parts. 
The Species are, 
1. Turnera (fJlmifolia) floribus feflilibus petiolaribus, 
foliis baft biglandulofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 337. Turner a 
with flowers growing clofe to the foot -ft alks of the leaves , 
whofe hafe has two glands. Turnera ulmifolia. Plum! 
Nov. Gen. 15. Shrubby Turnera with an Elm leaf. 
2. Turnera ( Anguftifolia ) floribus feflilibus petiolaribus 
foliis lanceolatis rugofis acuminatis. Turnera with 
flowers fitting clofe to the foot-ftalks of the leaves , and 
fpear -fhaped rough-pointed leaves. Ciftus uni cm folio, 
flore luteo, vafeulis trigonis. Sloan. Cat. Jam. 86! 
Ciftus with a Nettle leaf , a yellow flower , and a three- 
cornered capfule. 
Thele plants are both of them natives of the warm 
parts of America. The firft fpecies was found by . 
Father Plumier in Martinico, who gave it the name 
of T urnera, in honour of Dr. Turner,! famous Encftifa 
phyfician, who lived in Queen Elizabeth’s reia-n, and 
wrote an herbal, in which he has chiefly deferibed the 
ufeful plants. 
The fecond fort was difeovered by Sir Hans Sloane 
who has figured it in his Natural Hiftory of Jamaica! 
under the following title, Ciftus urticse folio, flore 
luteo, vafeulis trigonis, vol. i. p. 202 ; but both thefe 
forts were obferved by my late friend Dr. William 
Houftoun, in feveral parts of America. 
This fort rifes with a fhrubby ftalk to the height of 
eight or ten feet, fending out branches on every fide 
the whole length ; thele are garnifhed with narrow 
fpear-fhaped leaves, which are hairy •, they are near 
three inches long, and about three quarters of an inch 
broad, terminating in acute points ; they are obtufely 
fawed on their edges, and ftand upon very fh Qr ‘ t 
foot-ftalks; thefe, when rubbed, emit a difagreeable 
odour. The flowers grow from the foot-ftalks of 
the leaves, to which they fit very clofe, havino- two 
pretty large leafy appendages to their empalements. 
The flowers are of a pale yellow colour, and are 
com- 
