U L M 
as there is another genus of plants under the title 
of Geniila, Dr. Linnaeus has applied this title of Ulex, 
which is a name ufed by Pliny, to this genus.. 
The common Furze, Gorze, or Whins, as it is called 
in the different counties in England, is fo well known 
as to need no defeription. 
There are two or three varieties of this, which are fre- 
quently met with on the commons and heaths in mod 
parts of England ; but as they are not fpecifically dif- 
ferent, they are not worthy to be enumerated here, 
efpecially as they are plants which are feldom culti- 
vated. 
But thefe have by many botanifts been mentioned as 
fpecifically different, for which reafon I lowed their 
feeds in the garden, and found all the varieties arife 
from the fame feeds. 
Thefe plants propagate themfelves very plentifully 
by feeds, fo that when they are eftablifhed- in a fpot 
of ground, they foon fpread over the place ; for as the 
feeds ripen, the pods open with the warmth of the fun, 
and the feeds are caff out with an elafticity to a great 
diftance all round, and thefe foon vegetate •, whereby 
the ground is filled with young plants, which are not 
eafily deftroyed, when they are well rooted in the 
ground. 
Some years ago the feeds of this plant were fown to 
form hedges about fields, where, if the foil was light, 
the plants foon become ftrong enough for a fence 
againft cattle ; but as thefe hedges in a few years be- 
came naked at the bottom, and fome of the plants 
frequently failed, there became gaps in the hedges, 
therefore the raifing of them has been of late years 
little praftifed. But there are fome perfons who have 
fown the feeds of this plant upon very poor hungry 
gravel or fandy land, which has produced more profit 
than they could make of the ground by any other 
crop, efpecially in fuch places where fuel of all forts 
is dear; for this Furze is frequently ufed for heat- 
ing ovens, burning lime and bricks, and alfo for dry- 
ing malt. And in fome places where there has been 
a fcarcity of fuel, I have known poor land, which 
would not have lett for five fhillings per acre, which 
has been fown with Furze, produce one pound per 
acre per ann. fo that there has been a confiderable im- 
provement made by this plant. But this is not worth 
praftifing in fuch countries where fuel of any kind is 
cheap, or upon fuch land as will produce good Grafs 
or Corn ; therefore it is only mentioned here to fhew, 
that poor lands may be fo managed, as to brine an 
annual profit to their proprietors. 
The fecond fort is a native of the country near the 
Cape of Good Hope, where it ufually grows to the 
height of five or fix feet ; but in Europe, where it is 
prelerved as a curiofity in fome gardens, ir feldom 
riles fo high. The ftalk is ligneous and hard, co- 
vered with a greenifh bark when young, but it after- 
ward becomes grayifh. The branches are {lender and 
ligneous, the leaves are Tingle, obtufe, and the fhoots 
terminate with fpines. This plant has been feveral 
years in the Englifh gardens, but has not produced 
any flowers. 
This plant is too tender to live in the open air through 
the winter in England, therefore it is prefervedln 
green-houfes with the hardier forts of exotic plants, 
which do not require any artificial heat to preferve 
them. 
It is very difficult to propagate either by layers or cut- 
tings, for the layers are generally two or three years 
before they have fufficient root to tranfplant, and the 
cuttings do very rarely take root, and as the plant does 
not produce feeds in Europe, it is very rare in the 
European gardens. It is a plant of no great beauty, 
but, as it is an evergreen, it is admitted into the gar- 
dens of thofe who are curious in botany for the fake 
of variety. 
ULMARI A. See Spir^a. 
ULMUS. Tourn. Xnft. R. H. 601. tab. 372. Lin. 
Gen. Plant. 281. The Elm-tree; in French, Or me. 
The Characters are. 
The flower has a rough permanent emp dement of one leaf 
cut at the rim into five paints, and coloured within ; it 
has no petals , hut has five awl-fib aped ftamina twice the 
length of the empalement, terminated by fiber t ere hi fum- 
miis having four furrows, and an orbicular erect ger men 
fiupporting two Jlyles which are reflexed, and crowned by 
hairy fiiigmas. 'The germs n afterward turn to a roundijh, 
comprefified , bordered capfuls , including one roundijh corn- 
preffed feed. 
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feciiori 
of Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, which contains thole plants 
whofe flowers have five ftamina and two ftyles. 
The Species are, 
1. Ulmus- (Campejlris) foliis oblongis acuminatis, du- 
plicato-ferratis, baft inseqtialibus. Elm with oblong 
acute-pointed leaves , which are doubly Jawed on their 
edges, and unequal at their -bafe. Ulmus vulgatiffima, 
folio lato, fcabro. Ge'r Emac. 1480. The common rough , 
or br Gad-leaved Witch Elm. 
2. Ulmus ( Scabris ) foliis oblongo-ovatis inmqualiter 
ferratis, calycibus foliaceis. Elm with oblong oval leaves 
which are unequally Jawed , and have leafy empalements to 
the flowers. Ulmus folio latiflima, fcabro, Ger, Emac. 
148 r. The Witch Hazel, or rough and very broad- 
leaved Elm ; by fome unjkilful perfons called the Britijh 
Elm. 
3. Ulmus ( Sativus ) foliis ovatis acuminatis duplicato- 
ferratis, bafi inaequalibus. Elm with oval acute-pointed 
leaves which are doubly Jawed, and unequal at their bafe. 
Ulmus minor, folio angufto, fcabro. Ger. Emac. 
1480. The fm all- leaved or Englifh Elm. 
4. Ulmus ( Glabris ) foliis ovatis glabris, acute ferratis. 
Elm with oval fmooth leaves , which are fioarply fazved on 
their edges. Ulmus folio glabro. Ger. Emac. 1481. 
The finooth-leaved Witch Elm. 
5. Ulmus ( Hollandicus ) foliis ovatis acuminatis rugofis, 
intequaliter ferratis, cortice fungofo. Elm with’oval, 
acute-pointed , rough leaves , which are unequally Jawed , 
and a fungous bark. Ulmus major Holkhdica, anguflis 
& magis acuminatis famarris, folio latiffimo, fcabro. 
Pluk. Aim. The Dutch Elm. 
6. Ulmus {Minor) foliis oblongo-ovatis glabris acumi- 
natis duplicato-ferratis. Elm with oblong ,. fmooth , acute- 
pointed leaves, which are doubly Jawed. Ulmus minor, 
folio angufto, glabro. The fmooth narrow-leaved Elm, 
by fome called the upright Elm. 
The firft fort is very common in the north-weft 
counties of England, where it is generally believed to 
grow naturally in the woods ; this grows to a very 
large fize. The bark of the young branches is fmooth 
and very tough, but that of the old trees cracks and 
is rough. The branches fpread, and do not grow fo 
ered as thofe of the third fort. The leaves are°rough, 
and are doubly fawed on their edges. Their bafe is 
unequal, about three inches long and two broad, of 
a dark green colour, and Hand upon ifiort foot-italks. 
The flowers come out in March mpon the {lender 
twigs, (landing ih clufters ; they are of a deep red co- 
lour ; thefe are fucceeded by oval bordered caplules, 
containing one roundifh comprefied feed which ripens 
in May. The wood of this tree is good for all the 
purpoies of any kind of Elm, and the trees grow to 
a very large fize, but the leaves do not come out 
till late in the fpring, fo there, are few perfons who 
plant thefe trees near their habitations. 
The fecond fort grows naturally in fome of the nor- 
thern counties of England, where it is frequently called 
Witch-hazel, from the refemblance of the young 
fhoots and leaves to thofe of Hazel. This grows' to 
a tree of great magnitude. The bark of the youn» 
fhoots is very fmooth and tough ; it is of a yellowifh 
brown colour, with fpots of white. The leaves are 
oval, fix inches long, and alraoft four broad, and are 
unequally fawed on their edges. The flowers grow in 
clufters toward the end of the twigs ; they have lono- 
leafy empalements of a green colour, and appear in 
the fpring before their leaves, and the feeds ripen the 
latter end of May. The wood of this tree is not fo 
good for ufe as that of the firft fort. Formerly, when 
long bows were in ufe,' many of them were made 
of the boughs of tins tree. 
•m& 
UL4 
The 
