ULM 
ORE 
Bat for large gardens, where (hade is required, there 
is fcarce any tree fo proper for that pupofe, being 
eafy to remove when grown to a confiderable fize, fo 
that a perfon who is willing to have his plantations 
for fhade in a fhort time, may procure trees of near 
one foot circumference in their trunk, which will be 
in little danger of fucceeding, provided they are re- 
moved with care. And thefe will take root, and grow 
very well, though not fo well as young plants, which 
is what few other forts of trees will do; but then they 
(hould be fuch trees as have been thus regularly train- 
ed up in a nurfery, and have good roots, and not fuch 
as are taken out of hedge rows (as is by fome prac- 
tifed,) which feldom rife with any tolerable roots, and 
confequently often mifcarry ; and this has been the 
occafion of fo many plantations of thefe trees failing, 
for although fome of them may live a few years, yet 
few of them are of long duration, and they rarely in- 
creafe much in their Items, but frequently grow hol- 
low, their heart decaying firft, fo that they are fup- 
ported only by their bark or fhell, for a few years, 
and the firfb fevere winter, or very dry fummer, they 
are generally deftroyed. 
But although I have faid, that Elms which are train- 
ed up in a nurfery may be removed with fafety, at a 
larger fize than molt other trees, yet I would not have 
it underftood, that by this I would recommend the 
planting of them when large, for if people would 
have a little patience when they plant, and never plant 
any of thefe trees which are more than four or five 
inches in the girt of their items, they will in a few 
years become better trees than any of thofe which are 
tranfplanted of a much larger growth, and they will 
always grow to a much larger fize ; befides, they are 
much more eafily removed, and do not require to be 
fo ftrongly fupported, nor is there much danger of 
the young trees mifcarrying; therefore it is much more 
eligible to make choice of young thriving trees (but 
not out of a better foil than that where they are to be 
planted,) and never to plant any large trees, unlefs 
where a fmall number may be wanted for an imme- 
diate fhade, and in fuch cafes it is always proper to 
plant fome young trees amongft the large ones, to fuc- 
ceed them when they fail. 
In planting of thefe trees, great care muft be taken 
not to bury their roots too deep, which is very injuri- 
ous to them, efpecially if they are planted on a moift 
loam or clay •, in which cafe, if the clay is near the 
furface, it will be the beft way to raife the ground in 
a hill, where each tree is to be planted, which will 
advance their roots above the furface of the ground, 
fo that they will not be in danger of rotting in winter 
with moifture. 
When thefe trees are propagated by fuckers taken 
from the foot of old trees, they are commonly laid 
into the ground in rows pretty clofe together in beds, 
where, in dry weather, they may be frequently water- 
ed to encourage their putting out roots. In thefe beds 
they are left commonly two years, by which time 
thofe that live will be rooted (though a great many of 
them generally die ;) they then are tranfplanted into 
the nurfery, and managed as hath been directed for 
the layers. 
There are fome who raife the Witch Elm from feeds, 
which it generally produces in great plenty, and are 
ripe in May ; thefe (hould be fown upon a bed of frelh 
loamy earth, and gently covered. In dry weather 
they (hould be watered, and if the bed is (haded from 
the violent heat of the fun, it will be of great fervice 
to the feeds (for I always obferve the plants to come 
up better in the (hade, than when expofed to the fun.) 
When the plants come up, they (hould be carefully 
cleared from weeds, and after they have flood two 
years in the feed-bed, they will be fit to plant out in- 
to the nurfery, where they muft be managed as the 
former. 
When we view many of the late plantations which 
have been made in parks and gardens within forty 
years paft, at a very great expence, and obferve the 
Mttle progrefs they have made, it is enough to deter 
others from attempting to make plantations of this 
tree ; for, as great part of the trees have been takefi 
out of hedge rows, and from places where they have 
fprung up from the roots of old trees, they had but 
few roots, and thofe not furniihed with fibres, fo 
' fuch of the trees as furvived their remdval have made 
fcarce any progrefs; and I have feen many plantations 
which had been growing ten, twelve, or more years, 
almoft totally deftroyed in a fevere winter, and ioriie- 
times by a very dry fummer; for, as their roots had 
not extended far in the ground, the trees were weak, 
and though they kept alive, yet were not able to fefift 
a fevere froft, or a great drought ; but the planters 
were in a hurry, and wanted immediate (hade and 
prafpedt, fo in order to obtain thefe, purfued a me- 
thod in which they could never hope to have either 
in any degree of perfection • whereas if they had 
planted trees no bigger in their ftems than a man’s 
thumb, in ten or twelve years tirfie they would have 
had both, with the pleafute of feeing an annual pro- 
grefs of their trees, at a time when their large-planted 
trees are decaying. 
I have feen fome expenfive plantations of this kind, 
which havefeemed to fucceed for two or three years, 
by making ftrong (hoots mod part of the length of 
their ftems, which has greatly deceived their planters, 
who did not doubt but their trees were out of danger, 
but in a few years after, they found mod of their 
tops decay, and their hearts were rotting apace, fo 
became hollow ; and although they continued to put 
out lateral (hoots, yet their fterhs never increafed in 
fize. 
In fome plantations made in the lame place a few years 
after, with trees not a tenth part fo large as the fornier, 
yet are now more than double the fize of the laro-e 
ones, and in a mod thriving (late, whereas the others 
do little more than juft keep alive ; therefore I advife 
every perfon, who wiflies to have their trees thrive 
and become large, to plant them young, which may 
be performed for a very fmall fum, when compared 
with that of the other. 
Another piece of advice may be alfo neceftary here, 
which is, not to top or cut the trees, as is too much 
pradlifed near London, which not only impedes their 
growth, but occafions their decaying foon. 
U M B E L L A, an umbel, is the extremity of a ftalk 
or branch, divided into feveral pedicles or rays, be- 
ginning from the fame point, and opened in fuch a 
manner as to form an inverted cone. When the pedi- 
cles, into which the ftalk is divided, are fubdivided 
into others of the fame form, upon which the flowers 
or fruits are difpofed, the firft order is called rays, the 
fecond pedicles. That umbel which confifts of pedi- 
cles only is called a Ample umbel ; that which is com- 
pofed both of rays and pedicles is called a compound 
umbel. 
UMBELLIFEROUS PLANTS are thofe 
whofe flowers are produced in an umbel, on the top 
of the (talks, where they, in fome manner, reprefent 
an umbrella. Of this kind are Parfneps, Carrots 
Fennel, Parfiey, &c. 
U R E N A. Plort. Elth. 319. Lin. Gen. Plant.' 7.ei, 
Indian Mallow. 
The Characters are, 
It hath a malvaceous flower with a double empalemekt , 
the outer being of one ^ leaf, flightly cut at the brim into five 
parts, but the inner is five-leaved , permanent , and cut to 
the bottom. The flozver is compofied of five leaves which are 
oblong , and Hunt at their extremity , but narrow at their 
bafe^ where they coalefce. In the center there are many 
fiamina which are joined, and forma column at their 
bafe, but fpread open above. It has a roundijh five-cor- 
nered germen with a fingle ftyle, and ten hairy reflexed 
fiigmas. The germen changes to a pentagonal fruit which 
is burry, and divides into five cells, each having one an- 
gular feed. 
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fedtion of 
Linnaeus’s fixteenth clafs, which includes thofe plants 
whofe flowers have many (lamina, which, with the 
ftyle, are joined in one body. 
hM The 
