Having given dire&ions for the making of gravel 
Walks, I fliall come next to treat of land Walks, 
which are now very, frequently made in gardens, as 
being lefs expenfive in the making, and alfo in keep- 
ing, than the former ; and in very large irregular gar- 
dens,' which are fuch as mod perfons efteem, this is 
a very great article ; for as the greateft part of the 
Walks which are made in gardens are carried about 
in an irregular manner, it would be very difficult to 
keep them handfome, if they were laid with gravel, 
efpecially where they are ffiaded by trees ; for the drip- 
ping of the water from their branches, in hard rains, 
is apt to waffi the gravel in holes, and render the 
Walks very unfightly ; and when thefe wood Walks 
are of Grafs, they do not appear Tightly, nor are they 
very proper for walking on ; for after rain they conti- 
nue fo long damp as to render them unfit for ufe, and 
the Grafs generally grows fpiry and weak for want of 
air, and by the continual dropping of the trees, will 
by degrees be deftroyed; therefore it is much better 
to lay thefe Walks with fand, which will be dry and 
wholefome ; and whenever they appear moffiy, or any 
weeds begin to grow on them, if they are fcuffled over 
with a Dutch hoe in dry weather, and then raked 
fmooth, it will deftroy the weeds and Mofs, and make 
the Walks appear as frefn and handfome as if they 
had been new laid. 
In the modern way of laying out gardens, the Walks 
are carried through woods and plantations, fo that 
thefe are ffiady and convenient for walking in the 
middle of the day. Thefe are ufually carried about, 
winding as much as the ground will admit of, fo as to 
leave a fufficient thicknefs of wood to make the 
Walks private ; and that the perfons who are walking 
in one part of them, may not be feen by thofe who 
are in any of the other parts. Where thefe Walks 
are contrived with judgment, a fmall extent of ground 
will admit of a great many turns, fo that a perfon 
may walk fome miles in a fmall garden. But thefe 
turns fiioukl be made as natural as poffible, fo as not 
to appear too much like a work of art, which will ne- 
ver pleafe lb long as the former. 
The breadth of thefe Walks ffiould be proportioned 
to the fize of the ground, which in a large extent may 
be twelve or fourteen feet wide, but in fmall gardens 
five or fix feet will be fufficient. There are fome per- 
fons who allow a much greater breadth to their Walks 
than what I have affigned to the largeft gardens, but 
as thefe walks are fuppofed to be {haded by trees, fo 
when they are made too broad, the trees muft be 
planted clofe to the fides of the Walks ; and then it 
will be a long time before they will afford a fufficient 
lhade, if the trees are young. Therefore I imagine, 
the width here allowed will by moft people be thought 
fufficient, efpecially as the walks are defigned to wind 
as much as the ground will allow, becaufe the wider 
they are, the-greater muft be the turns, otherwife the 
Walks will not be private for any fmall diftance, Be- 
fides, as it will be proper to line the fides of thefe 
Walks with Honey fuckles, Sweetbriar, Rofes, and 
many other fweet flowering lhrubs, fo the tall trees 
fhould be placed at leak five or fix feet from the Walk, 
to allow room for thefe. But as I {hall particularly treat 
of the method of laying out wilderneffes, and plant- 
ing of them, in fuch a manner as to render them as 
nearly refembhng a natural wood as poffible, under 
its proper head, I fliall add nothing more in this place, 
except a few common directions for making of thefe 
fand Walks. 
When the ground is traced out in the manner as the 
Walks are defigned, the earth fhould be taken out of 
the Walks, and laid in the quarters. The depth of 
this muft be proportioned to the nature of the foil •, 
for where the ground is dry, the Walks need not be 
elevated much above the quarters, fo the earth fhould 
be taken out four or five inches deep in fuch places ; 
but where the ground is wet, the bottom of the 
Walks need not be more than two inches below the 
furface, that the Walks may be raifed fo high as to 
throw off the wet into the quarters, which will .ren- 
der them more dry and healthy to walk on. 
After the earth is taken out to the intended depth, the 
bottom of the Walks ffiould be laid with rubbiffi, 
coarfe gravel, or whatever of the like nature can be 
moft readily procured. This ffiould belaid four, five, 
or fix inches thick, and beaten down as clofe as poffi- 
ble, to prevent the worms from working through it ; 
then the fand ffiould be laid upon this about three or 
four inches thick, and after treading it down as clofe 
as poffible, it ffiould be raked over, to level and 
fmooth the furface. In doing of this, the whole ffiould 
be laid a little rounding to throw off the wet, but 
, there will be no neceffity of obferving any exaCtnefs 
therein ; for as the whole ground is to have as little 
appearance of art as poffible, the rounding of thefe 
Walks ffiould be as natural, and only fo contrived, as 
that the water may have free paffage from them. 
The fand with which thefe Walks are laid, ffiould 
be fuch as will bind, otherwife it will be very trouble- 
fome to walk on them in dry weather; for if the fand 
be of a loofe nature, it will be moved with ftrong 
gales of wind, and in dry weather will Aide from un- 
der the feet. If after thefe Walks are laid, they are 
well rolled two or three times, it will fettle them, and 
caufe them to be firm. If the fand is too much in- 
clinable to loam, it will alfo be attended with as ill 
confequence as that which is too loofe, for this will 
flick to the feet after every rain ; fo that where fand 
can be obtained of a middle nature, it {hould always 
be preferred. 
In fome countries where fand cannot be eafily pro- 
cured, thefe Walks may be laid with fea ffiells well 
pounded, fo as to reduce them to a powder, which 
will bind extremely well, provided they are rolled 
now and then ; but where neither of thefe can be eafi- 
ly procured, fea-coal allies, or whatever elfe can be 
gotten, v/hich will bind, and will be dry to the feet, 
may be ufed for this purpofe ; and where any of thefe 
can only be had in fmall quantities, the walks fhould 
have a greater ffiare of rubbiffi laid in their bottom, 
and theie fpread thinly over them ; and in moft places 
rubbiffi, rough ftones, or coarfe gravel, may be ea- 
fily procured. 
WALLS are abfolutely neceffary in gardens, for 
the ripening of all fuch fruits as are too delicate to 
be perfected in this country without fuch affiftance. 
Thefe are built with different materials in fome 
countries they are built of ftone, in others with brick, 
according as the materials can be procured bell and 
cheapeft. 
Of all materials proper for building Walls for fruit- 
trees, brick is the beft ; in that it is not only the 
handfomeft, but the warmeft and kindeft for the ri- 
pening of fruit ; hefides that, it affords the beft con- 
veniency of nailing, for fmaller nails will ferve in them 
than in ftone Walls, where the joints are larger ; and 
brick Walls, with copings of free-ftone, and ftone 
pilafters or columns, at proper diftances, to feparate 
the trees and break off the force of the winds, make 
not only the moft beautiful, but the moft profitable 
Walls. 
In fome parts of England there are Walls built both 
of brick and ftone, which have been very commodi- 
ous. The bricks of fome places are not of themfelves 
fubftantial enough for Walls, nor are they any where 
fo durable as ftone ; and therefore fome perfons, that 
they might have Walls both fubftantial and hand- 
fome, have built double ones, the cutfide being of 
' . . _ O 
ftone, and the inftde of brick, or a ftone Wall lined 
with brick ; but when thefe are built, there muft be 
great care taken to bind the bricks well into the ftone, 
otherwife they are very apt to feparate one from the 
other, efpecially when froft comes after much wet, 
which fwells the mortar, and frequently throws down 
the bricks, when the Walls are only faced with them, 
and not well tied into the ftone. 
Where the Wails are built entirely of ftone, there 
ffiould be treiliffes fixed up againft them, for the more 
