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4. That the winds in both places frequeniy agree, yet 
they fometimes differ. 
5. That the barometer is always lower at Zurich than 
at Upminfter, by fometimes one and fometimes two 
Englifh inches ; but the common difference is about 
half an inch, which may be folved either by fuppofing 
Zurich fituate one fourth of an inch higher above the 
level of the fea than Upminfter ; or elfe by fuppofing 
that part of the terraqueous globe, as lying near the 
line, to be higher and more diftant from the center 
than ours is, which lies nearer the pole. 
6. That the barometer generally rifes and falls toge • 
ther at far diftant place's, though this agreement of 
the barometer is not fo conftant between Zurich and 
Upminfter, and places near home, viz. at London 
and Paris, where again the agreement of the baro- 
meter is not fo great, as between Upminfter and Lan- 
calhire. 
7. That the variations of the barometer are greateft, 
as the places are neareft the poles. Thus, e. g. the 
mercury at London has a greater range by two or 
three lines than at Paris, and at Paris a greater than 
at Zurich ; in fome places near the equinoctial, there 
• is fcarce any variation at all. 
8. That the rain in Switzerland and Italy is much 
greater in quantity throughout the year than that in 
Effex ; yet the rains are more frequent, i. e. there 
are more rainy days in Eftex, than at either of thofe 
places. 
The proportion of the annual rains that fall in the fe- 
veral places we have any good obfervations of, ftand 
thus : at Zurich the depth of the annual rain, at a 
medium, is about 324 inches ; at Pifa 43^ ; at Paris 
23 ; at Lille in Flanders 234^ at ToWnly in Lanca- 
fhire 424 ; at Upminfter 194. 
9. That cold contributes greatly to fain, and that ap- 
parently, by condenfing the fulpended vapours, and 
making them defcend. Thus very cold months or 
feafons are generally followed immediately by very 
rainy ones, and cold fummers are always wet. 
to. That high ridges of mountains, as the Alps, and j 
the fnows they are covered withal, not only affed the ; 
neighbouring places by the colds, rain, vapours, &c. 
they produce, but even diftant countries, as England, I 
often partake of their effects. — Thus the extraordi- 
nary colds, December 1708, and the relaxations 
thereof were felt in Italy and Switzerland feveral days I 
.before they reached us. This Dr. Dernam thinks is 
an indication that they were driven from them to us. 
WILDERNESSES, if rightly fituated, artfully 
contrived, and judicioufty planted, are very great or- 
naments to a fine garden ; but it is rare to fee thefe 
fo well executed in gardens as could be wifhed, nor 
are they often judicioufly fituated ; for they are fre- 
' quently fo fituated as to hinder a diftant profped, or ; 
elfe are not judicioufly planted ; the latter of which 
is fcarce ever to be found in any of our moft magni- 
ficent gardens, very few of their defigners ever ftiidy- 
ing the natural growth of trees fo as to place them in 
fuch manner, that they may not obftrud the fight 
from the feveral parts of the plantation which arepre- 
fented to the view ; I fhall therefore briefly fet down 
what has occurred to me from time to time, when I 
have conffdered thefe parts of gardens, whereby a 
perfon will be capable to form an idea of the true beau- 
ties which ought always to be ftudied in the contri- 
vance of Wilderneffes. 
1. Wilderneffes ftiould always be proportioned to the 
extent of the gardens in which they are made, that 
they may correfpond in magnitude with the other 
parts of the garden *, for it is very ridiculous to fee a 
large Wildernefs planted with tall trees in a ftnall fpot 
of ground ^ and on the other hand, nothing can be 
more abiurd, than to fee little paltry fquares, or quar- 
ters of Wildernefs work, in a magnificent large garden. 
2. As to the fituation of Wilderneffes, they^fiiould 
never be placed too near the habitation, becaufe the 
great quantity of moifturC which is perfpired from the 
trees will caufe'a damp unwholefome air about the 
houle, which is often of ill confequence. Nor ftiould 
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they be fituated fo as to obftrud any diftant profped 
of the country, which fhould always be preferred 
wherever it can be obtained, there being nothing fo 
agreeable to the mind as an unconfined profped of the 
adjacent country ; but where the fight is confined 
within the limits of the garden from its fituation, then 
there is nothing fo agreeable as to terminate "the pro- 
fped, as a beautiful fcene of the various kinds of 
trees judicioufly planted ; and if it is fo contvried, 
that the termination is planted circularly, with the 
concave toward the fight, it will have a much better 
effect, than if it end in ftrait lines or angles, which 
are never fo agreeable to the mind. 
3. The trees ftiould always be adapted to the fize of 
the plantation, for it is very abfurd to fee tall trees 
planted in final! fquares of a little garden •, and fo 
likewife, if in large defigns are planted nothing but 
Imall ftirubs, it will have a mean appearance. It 
ftiould alfo be oblerved, never to plant evergreens 
amongft deciduous trees, but always place the ever- 
greens in a Wildernefs, or a leparate part of the Wil- 
dernefs by themfelves, and that chiefly in fight, be- 
caufe thefe afford a continual pleafure both in fummer 
and winter, when in the latter feafon the deciduous 
trees do not appear fo agreeable ; therefore, if the 
borders of Wildernefs quarters are fkiried with ever- 
greens, they will have a good effed. 
4. The walks muft alfo be proportioned to the fize of 
the ground, and not make large walks in a final! 
Wildernefs (nor too many walks, though fmaller) 
whereby the greateft part of the ground is employed 
in walks ; nor fhould the grand walks of a large Wil- 
dernefs be too fmall, both of which are equally faulty. 
Thefe walks fhould not be entered immediately from 
thofe of the pleafure-garden, but rather be led into by 
a fmall private walk, which will render it more enter- 
taining ; or if the large walk be turned in form of a 
ferpent, fo as not to fhew its whole extent, the mind 
will be better pleafed, than if the whole were to open 
to the view. 
The old formal method of contriving Wilderneffes 
was to divide the whole compafs of ground, either 
into fquares, angles, circles, or other figures, making 
the walks correfpondent to them, planting the Tides 
of the walks with hedges of Lime, Elm, Hornbeam, 
&c. and the quarters within were planted with va- 
rious kinds of trees promifcuoufly without order ; but 
this can by no means be efteemed a judicious method, 
becaufe firft hereby there will be a great expence in 
keeping the hedges of a large Wildernefs in good or- 
der by ftiearing them, which, inftead of being beau- 
tiful, are rather the reverfe ; for as thefe parts of a 
garden ftiould, in a great meafure, be defigned from 
nature, whatever has the ftiff appearance of art, does 
by no means correfpond therewith ; beficles, thefe 
hedges are generally trained up fo high, as ’to ob- 
ftrud the fight from the items of the tall trees in the 
quarters, which ought never to be done. 
In the next place the walks are commonly made to 
interfed each other in angles, which alfo fhew too 
formal and trite for fuch plantations, and are by no 
means comparable to fuch walks as have the appear- 
ance of meanders or labyrinths, where the eye cannot 
difcover more than twenty or thirty yards in length 1 
and the more thefe walks are turned, the greater plea- 
fure they will afford. Thefe ftiould now and then 
lead into an open circular piece of Grafs, in the cen- 
ter of which may be placed either an obelifk, ftatue, 
or fountain ; and if in the middle part of the Wilder- 
nefs there be contrived a large opening, in the cen- 
ter of which may be ereded a dome or banqueting 
houfe furrounded with a green plat of Grafs, it will be 
a confiderable addition to the beauty of the place. 
From the Tides of the walks and openings, the trees 
ftiould rife gradually one above another to the middle 
of the quarters, where ftiould always be planted the 
largeft growing trees, 1b that the heads of all the trees 
will appear to view, but their ftems will be hid, which 
Will have a vaftly different effed from the common 
method, where the trees are planted large and fmall 
I 4 S without 
