i 
W I N 
ftrucied. Thefe fmall quarters (hould not be furround- 
cd with hedges, for the reafons before given * nor 
fhould they be cut into angles, or any other ftudied 
figures, but be defigned rather in a rural manner, 
which is always preferable to the other, for thefe kinds 
of plantations. 
In Wilderness there is but little trouble or expence 
after their firft planting, which is an addition to their 
value •, the only labour required is to mow and roll 
the large Grafs walks, and to keep the other ground 
walks free from weeds. And in the quarters, if the 
weeds are hoed down two or three times in a fum- 
mer, it will kill add to their neatnefs. The trees 
fhould alfo be pruned to cut out all dead wood, or ir- 
regular branches, where they crofs each other, and 
juft to preferve them within due bounds * and as was 
before obferved, if the ground be (lightly dug between 
the trees, it will greatly promote their vigour. This 
being the whole labour of a Wildernefs, it is no won- 
der they are fo generally efteemed, efpecially when 
we confider the pleafure they afford. 
SWEET WILLIAM. See Dianthus. 
WILLOW. See Salix. 
W I L L O W, the French. See Epilobium. 
WIND is defined to be the ftream or current of the 
air, together with fuch vapours as the air carries along 
with it* or it is a fenfible agitation of the air, whereby 
a large quantity thereof flows out of v one place or re- 
gion to another. 
The ancients made but four Winds, according to the 
four cardinal points, but this was quickly looked up- 
on as too grofs a divifion. The following age added 
eight more to this number, which was thought too 
nice a fubdividing, and therefore they reduced the 
laft number to four, taking every other or middle 
Wind, and adding them to the old account * but our 
failors, who are far beyond the ancients for their fkill 
in navigation, have divided the horizon into thirty- 
two equal parts, adding twenty-eight to the four car- 
dinal Winds * a thing ufeful in navigation, but of no 
great concern in natural philofophy, unlefs it be to 
give a hint, that the Wind blows from all parts of the 
heavens. 
As to the phyfical caufe of the Winds * 
Some philofophers, as Des Cartes, Rohault, &c. ac- 
count for the general Wind from the diurnal rotation 
of the earth, and from this general Wind derive all 
the particular ones. 
They fay, the atmofphere invefting the earth, and 
moving round it, that part will perform its circuit 
fooneft, which has the fmalleft circle to defcribe. 
The air therefore, near the equator, will require a fome- 
what longer time to perform its courfe in from weft 
to eaft than nearer the poles * that as the earth turns 
eaftward, the particles of the air near the equinokial 
being exceeding light, are left behind, fo that in re- 
fpek to the earth’s furface, they move weftward, and 
become a conftant eafterly Wind. 
This opinion feems confirmed, for that thefe Winds 
are found only near the equinokial, in thofe parallels 
of latitude, where the diurnal motion is fwifteft, but 
the conftant calms of the Atlantic lea, near the equa- 
tor, the wefterly Winds near the coaft of Guiney, and 
the periodical wefterly Monloons, under the equator 
of the Indian fea, feemingly declare the infufficiency 
of that hypothefis. 
Befides, the air, being kept to the earth by the prin- 
ciple of gravity, would in time acquire the fame de- 
gree of velocity, that the earth’s furface moves with, 
as well in refpek of the diurnal rotation, as of the 
annual about the fun, which is about thirty minutes 
fwifter. 
It remains therefore to fubftitute fome other caufe, 
capable of producing a like conftant effek* not lia- 
ble to the lame objekions, but agreeable to the known 
properties of the elements of air and water, and the 
laws of the motion of fluid bodies * fuch an one is 
the abtion of the fun’s beams upon the air and water, 
as he paffes every day over the oceans, confidered to- 
gether with the nature of the foil and fituarion of the 
adjoining continents. This has been done by Dr„ 
Halley. 
Therefore, according to the laws of ftatics, the air, 
which is lei's rarefied or expanded by heat, and con- 
fequently more ponderous, muft have a motion to- 
wards thofe parts thereof which are more rarefied, and 
Ids ponderous, to bring it to an equilibrium. Alfo 
the prelence of the fun continually drifting to the 
weftward, that part to which the air tends, by reafon 
of the rarefaction made by his greateft meridian heat, 
is with him carried weftward * and confequentiy, the 
tendency of the whole body of the lower air is that 
way. 
Thus a general eafterly Wind is formed - which being 
impreflecl upon all the air of a vaft ocean, the parts 
impel one the other, and fo keep moving till the next 
return of the fun * whereby fo much of the motion as 
was loft, is again reftored, and thus the eafterly Wind 
is made perpetual. 
From the fame principle it follows, that the eafterly 
Wind fhould, on the north fide of the equator, be to 
the northward of the eaft * and in fouth latitudes, to 
the fouthward thereof * for near the line the air is 
much more rarefied, than at a greater diftance from 
it * becaufe the fun. is twice in a year vertical there, 
and at no time diftant above twenty-three decrees one 
half * at which diftance the heat being at tire fine of 
the angle of incidence, is but little fhort of that of the 
perpendicular ray whereas, under the tropics, tiro* 
the fun flay long vertical, yet he is a long forty-feven 
degrees off* which is a kind of winter, wherein the 
air fo cools, as that the fummer heat cannot warm it 
to the fame degree with that under the equator. 
Wherefore the air towards the northward and fouth- 
ward being lefs rarefied than that in the middle, it 
follows, that from both fides it ought to tend towards 
the equator. This motion, compounded with the 
former eafterly Wind, anfwers all the phenomena of 
the general trade Winds * which, if the whole furface 
of the globe were fea, would undoubtedly blow all 
round the world, as they are found to do in the Atlan- 
tic and Ethiopic oceans. 
But feeing fo great continents interpofe, and break 
the continuity of the oceans, regard muft be had to 
the nature of the foil, and the pofition of the high 
mountains, which are the two principal caufesofthe 
feveral variations of the Wind from the former ge- 
neral rule* for if a country, lying near the fun, 
piove to be flat, fancy, and low land, fuch as the 
defarts of Lybia are ufually reported to be, the heat 
occafioned by the reflection of the fun’s beams, and 
the retention thereof in the fand, is incredible to thofe 
who have not felt it * whereby the air being exceed- 
ingly rarefied, it is neceffary, that this cooler and 
more denfe air (hould run thitherwards to reftore the 
equilibrium. 
This is fuppofed to be the caufe, why, near the coaft 
of Guiney, the Wind always lets in upon the land, 
blowing wefterly inftead of eafterly * there being fuffi- 
cient reafon to believe, that the inland parts of Africa 
are prodigioufiy hot, fince the northern borders there- 
of were fo intemperate, as to give the ancients caufe 
to conclude, that all beyond the tropics was uninha- 
bitable by excefs of heat. 
From the fame caufe it happens, that there are fo 
conftant calms in that part of the ocean called the 
Rains * for this track being placed in the middle, be- 
tween the wefterly Winds blowing on the coaft of 
Guiney, and the eafterly trade Winds blowing to the 
weftward thereof, the tendency of the air here is in- 
different to either, and fo (lands in sequilibrio between 
both * and the weight of the incumbent atmofphere 
being diminifhecl by the continual contrary Winds 
blowing from hence, is the reafon that the air here 
holds not the copious vapour it receives, but lets it 
fall in frequent rains. 
But as the cool and denfe air, by reafbn of the great- 
er gravity, preffes upon the not rarefied, itisderoon- 
ftfativeij, 
48S 
