W I N 
Secondly, as to the fouth-weft Winds ; when the 
Wind has been in the north for two months or more, 
and comes to the fouth, there are ufually three or four 
fair days at firft, and then, on the fourth or fifth day 
comes rain, or eife the Wind turns north, and con- 
tinues dry Hill ; if within a day or two, without rain, 
it return to the fouth, and with rain turn northward, 
and return into the fouth the firft or fecond day, as 
before, two or three times together after this manner, 
then it is like to be in the fouth or fouth-weft two or 
three months together, for the moft part, as it was in 
the north before* The Wind will fiiftpi thefe turns 
in a fortnight. 
He does not mention the eaft or weft Winds, becaufe 
he fays, the rains ufually come from the fouth, or in 
fluffing of the Wind from the fouth to the north ; as 
for the drought, the Wind is, for the moft part, 
north-eaft. 
The Wind ufually turns from the north to the fouth 
quietly without rain ; but comes back again into the 
north, with a ftrong Wind and rain. The greateft 
Winds which blow down houfes and trees, ufually 
come by the turning of the Wind out of the fouth by 
the weft into the north, which drives away rain, and 
clears the air. 
• Signs of the changing of the Wind. 
I 
Mr. Pointer fays, in what point foever the Wind is, 
when the fun rifes with many pale fpots appearing in 
its orb, and part of it hid in a cloud, it will foon turn 
to the fouth. 
That when the Wind has been fettled for twenty-four 
hours or more, in any of the full points, as north, 
eaft, weft, or fouth, when it begins to turn, it will 
not fettle till it comes to the oppofite point, as from 
the north to the fouth, and fo from full eaft to full 
weft ; and fo of the angular points as from the north- 
eaft, to the fouth-weft. 
Upon whatfoever quarter the Wind is when the moon 
changes, it prefently changes upon the new moon. 
When the generality of the clouds tack with the Wind 
(though there fliould be many little fleeces, or long 
flakes, lying higher) the Wind is flagging, and will 
change foon, and fhift its point. 
Common ohfervations and figns of Winds and forms 
arifing. 
If pale fpots feem to appear in the orb of the fun at 
his fetting, and dazzle there, ftrong Winds from the 
fouth will enfue ; the Wind foon fhifting into that 
point, in what quarter foever it was before. 
If there appear upon the fun when he is fetting, fiery 
fpots, or of a reddifh colour, much Wind will enfue ; 
and a louring morning is frequently a fore-runner of 
' Wind. 
If the moon, when at full, has a reddifh circle about 
her, it prefages much Wind. 
When meteors, or as they are commonly called, ftars, 
Ihoot, and fpread a long train of light, they are fore- 
runners of Wind that will foon follow. 
The Lord Bacon fays, the following are prognoftics 
of high Winds or tempefts arifing. 
When the fea refounds upon the fliore, when the 
Winds murmur in the woods, without any apparent 
Wind, they portend that Wind will follow ; for fuch 
Winds, breathing chiefly out of the earth, are not 
firft perceived, except they are pent by water or wood, 
and therefore a murmur out of the caves like wife por- 
tends as much. 
When the brightnefs of the fmaller ftars is on a fud- 
den obfcured, it is a fign of a tempeft arifing, for the 
upper regions of the air perceive the matter of the 
collection of tempefts and Winds, before the air here 
below *, therefore the obfcuring of the fmaller ftars is 
a fign of tempeft following. 
He fays, the air and fire have fubtile perception of 
the riling Winds before men. 
We may perceive the trembling of a candle will dif- 
• Win 
cover a Wind, that otherwife we do not feel ; and 
the flexuous burning of flames fliews the air is begin- 
ning to.be unquiet •, and in like manner coals of fire, 
by calling off the allies more than ufual ; and as for 
the allies, it is not to be admired at, if the W ind un- 
perceived fhake them off ; for it is a common thing 
to try which way the Wind blows, by throwing up 
Grafs, chaff, or fuch like things, into the air. ° 
Signs of the Wind’s ceafing . 
If a hafty fiiower of rain falls, when the Wind has 
raged for fome hours, it foon abates. 
If water ruckles much, and frequent bubbles arife, 
the llorm is but of a fhort continuance. 
If fparrows chirp merrily, and moles come out of their 
holes, it is a fign of the llorm ceafing. 
If the bird called king’s-filher, or halcyon, attempts 
the feas when the Wind blows hard, it is a fign of its 
abating. 
Of WINES, and vinous liquors. 
W I N E is a brilk, agreeable, and fpirituous juice, 
drawn from vegetable bodies, and fermented. 
Dr. Boerhaave characterizes Wine, that the firft 
thing that it affords by dillillation, be a thin, fattv, 
inflammable, &c. fluid, called a fpirit ; and in this 
it is diltinguilhed from another clafs of fermented ve- 
getable juices ; viz. vinegars, which, inftead of fuch 
fpirit, yield for the firft thing an acid, uninflammable 
matter. 
In order to the making Wines, it will be of great ad- 
vantage to be well acquainted with the bufinefs of 
fermentation. This Dr. Boerhaave defines and ex- 
plains as follows : 
Fermentation is a change produced in vegetable bo- 
dies, by means of an intelline motion excited therein,; 
the effeCt whereof is this, that the part which firft 
rifes from them in dillillation, is either a thin, fat, 
acrid, hot, tranfparent, volatile, and inflammable 
fluid, that will mix with water; or elfe a thin, acid, 
pellucid, lei's volatile, uninflammable liquor, capable 
of exting.uilhing fire. . 
The liquor, obtained by means of fermentation, is 
called thin, becaufe none appears to be thinner than 
the fpirit of fermented vegetables ; acid, becaufe it 
aCls almoft like fire, when applied to the tongue;, 
or other parts of the body ; volatile, becaufe there 
appears to be no liquor, that is railed with greater 
eafe ; but it is this liquor being totally inflammable, 
and at the fame time capable of mixing with water, 
that ultimately diltinguilhes fermentation from all 
other operations in nature ; for neither putrefaction, 
digeftion, effervefcence, or any thing of that kind, 
will ever afford a liquor at once poffeffed of thofe 
qualities. 
PutrefaClion, indeed, as well as fermentation, is per- 
formed by means of an intelline motion ; but the for- 
mer will never produce either of the liquors above de- 
fcribed, as the effects of fermentation ; i. e. neither a 
vinous nor acetous liquor. 
We fee then, that there affe two different e (Feels of 
fermentation, the production of an inflammable, fpirit, 
and an uninflammable acid •, and whatever operation 
will afford neither of thefe liquors, is improperly call- 
ed fermentation, which therefore can only take place 
in the vegetable kingdom ; for all the art in the world, 
fo far as hitherto appears, will never gain fuch fpirits; 
from animals or foffils *, and confequendy never excite 
an aCtual and real fermentation in them ; for fermen- 
tation is the Angle operation in nature, by which fuch 
fpirits can be obtained. 
2. Any vegetable liquor fo fermented, as to afford the 
inflammable fpirit above-mentioned, for the firft 
thing in dillillation, we call Wine ; but if the liquor 
be fo fermented, as firft to afford the acid uninflamma- 
ble one, it is called vinegar ; by which we mean every 
thin, acid, volatile, vegetable liquor, capable of extin- 
euilhing fire. So-likewife, under the name of Wine, 
we 
