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actinic agent. Chem was called Pan by Greeks and Romans 
from some inferior cbaracteristics. Pan, like Chem, had his 
high and his undignified position. Chem was “ the Lord of 
Coptos,” to which place there was a road from the Red Sea, 
through the very hot district of Hammamat (still from 
heat), where stones for the temples were obtained, and 
where attention was paid to the discovery of gold and silver, 
and where Chem was held as “ the master of the tribes 
which inhabit the valley,” and the Lord Protector of the 
mountain.”* Many complaints were made of the heat of 
this valley, where wells were dug in the time of Raineses 
the Second, because others much older had been closed up. 
It was a burnt land, and it still preserves its ancient charac- 
ter. It is the earliest place where we know metals 
to have been studied. On the west of the Nile and opposite 
was Tini, famous for purple dye, another branch of chem- 
istry. Tini, or Thinis, or This was the place where the 
earliest king Menes sprang from. In Chem we are in the 
land of Heat, where the God of Heat was worshipped, where 
metals were worked, and where other chemical processes 
were employed, and from which the first chemist, whose 
writings are clearly on chemical subjects, and whose draw- 
ings are clearly of chemical apparatus, sprang, viz., Zosimus 
the Panopolite, or Zosimus of Chemmis, for this is the pro- 
per name of his city. The translation of Chem into Pan has 
been misleading, and still more of Chemmis into Panopolis. 
We thus see that chemistry has received its name from 
no trifling accident, but from that great natural agent which 
has made the science, and the character of which we are 
continually learning. 
Pj'of Theodores had quoted for the author Bunsen’s “ Die 
Stellung Acgypten’s in der Weltgeschichte,” v. 5, s. 2, where 
he says, “ ‘Hem’ or ‘hem,’ Sieden gliihen (i.e. to boil, to glow 
with heat) = Hebrew, ham,” and the next part of the quo- 
* From Brugsch-Bey. 
