V 
A V E 
.But as there may be fome perfons fo much wedded 
to the old way of laying out and planting grounds 
as to prefer the avenues to the moft beautiful difpo- 
fition of lawns, woods, &c. I fhall mention the ufual 
methods of defigning and planting them, that have 
been efteemed the belt. 
The ufual width allowed to tliefe avenues was generally 
as much as the whole breadth of the houfe and wings ; 
but if they are planted twelve or fourteen feet wider, 
they will be the better ; becaufe when the trees are 
grown to any confiderable fize, they will fpread and 
overhang, fo will contradb the view. 
And as for fuch avenues to woods or profpedts, &c. 
they ought not to be lefs than fixty feet in breadth ; 
and becaufe fuch walks are a long time before they 
are fhady, it will be convenient to plant another row 
on each fide, rather than to lofe the ftatelinefs that 
the main walk will afford in time by being broad, 
where any thing of a profped: is to be gained. 
And as to the diftance one from another, they fhould 
not be planted nearer one another than thirty-five or 
forty feet, efpecially if the trees are of a fpreading 
kind ; and the fame diftance, if they are for a regular 
grove. 
As to the trees proper for planting avenues, they 
may be the English. Elm, the Lime-tree, the Horfe 
Chefnut, the common Chefnut, the Beach, and the 
Abele. 
The Englifn Elm is approved for all places where it 
will fucceed, and that it will do in moft places, ex- 
cept in very wet or cold fhallow grounds, i. Becaufe 
it will bear cutting, heading, lopping in any manner 
whatfoever, and probably, with better fuccefs than 
any other tree. 
Secondly, the Lime-tree : this is approved by others, 
becaufe it will do well in any tolerable foil, if the 
bottom be not hot and gravelly ; and becaufe of the 
regular fhape it has in growing, the agreeablenefs of 
its lhade, and the beautiful colour of its leaves. 
Thirdly, the Horfe Chefnut is alfo to be ufed in fuch 
places as are very well defended from rcrong winds ; 
becaufe, wherever it grows freely, if it be not fkil- 
fully managed now and then by cutting, the branches 
are fubjeft to fplit down. This tree is valuable on ac- 
count of its quick growth, the earlinefs of its coming 
out, the noblenefs of its leaves, and the beauty of its 
flowers, being a fine plant both for fnade and orna- 
ment. This delights in a ftrong hearty foil, but will 
do well in any tolerable ground, if good care be taken 
in the planting of it ; but wherever thefe trees are 
planted in avenues, they fhould be placed thirty feet 
afunder, that their heads may have room to fpread, 
otherwife they will not appear fo beautiful. 
Fourthly, the common Chefnut will do well in a 
proper foil, and will rife to a confiderable height, if 
planted clofe together ; but if it be planted lingly, 
where the tree can take its own natural fliape, it is 
rather inclined to fpread and grow globous than tall. 
Fifthly, the Beech is recommended by fome; but this 
feldom fucceeds well after tranlplanting, without ex- 
traordinary care ; though it arrives to a very large 
tree in many places in England, where it grows natu- 
rally, and is the moft tedious and troubiefome to 
raife, to any tolerable fize, in a nurfery way. 
Sixthly, the Abele: this, indeed, grows more dif- 
perfed and loofe in its head than any of the former, 
and confequently, is-worfe for defence ; but yet is not 
to be left out from the number of trees for avenues, 
becaufe it is the quickeft in growth of all the foreft 
trees, and will thrive tolerably well in almoft any foil, 
and particularly in wet ground, where few of the be- 
fore-mentioned trees will thrive, and this feldom fails 
in tranfiplanting. 
Seventhly, the Oak ; but this is feldom ufed in plant- 
ing avenues, becaufe it requires fo long a time to 
raife it up to any tolerable feature in the nurfery way; 
nor is it apt to thrive much after it has been trans- 
planted, if at any bignefs. 
As for the. Alder, Afh,. Platanus, and Sycomore, they 
are but rarely ufed for planting avenues. 
A U ft 
A V R A N TIU M [this plant is fo called frail, ail- 
rum, Lat . gold, on account of its .golden colour,] the 
Orange-tree. 
The Characters are, 
The empalement of the flower is finally of. one leaf. \ in- 
dented in five parts. The flower hath five oblong fpread-, 
mg petals , and many ftamina , which are frequently joined 
in fmatt feparate bodies at bottom, and are crowned by ob- 
long fiinmits. In the center is fituateq the round germen, 
fupporiing a cylindrical ftyle , crowned by a globular fligma. 
The germen afterward becomes a globular flefhy fruit , com- 
prefjed at both ends , having a thick fiefloy pulp , and di- 
vided into fever al cells , each containing two oval .callous 
feeds. 
This genus of plants, is by Dr. Linnaeus joined, to 
the Citron, to which he has alfo added the Lemon, 
making them only Ipecies of the fame genus, and 
ranges It in his eighteenth clafs, entitled Polyadelphia 
Icofandria, the flowers having more than twenty fta- 
mina, which are joined in feveral bodies. 
The Species are, 
1. Aurantium ( Acri ) foliis ovato-lanceolatis glabris. 
Orange-tree , with oval, fpear-Jh aped, fmooth leaves. Au- 
rantium acri medulla vulgare. Ferr. Hefp. The Se- 
ville Orange. 
2. Aurantium ( Sinenfe ) foliis lamfcolatis acutis glabris: 
Orange-tree , with pointed , fpear-jhped , fmooth haves. 
Aurantium Sinenfe. Ferr. Hefp. The China Orange. 
3. Aurantium ( Orientals ) foliis lineari-lanceolatis gla- 
bris. Orange-tree with narrow , fpear-fhaped , fmooth 
leaves. Aurantium angufto falicis folio diflum; Boerh. 
Ind. alt 2. 238. Willovo-leavcd Orange , and by fome 
called the Turkey Orange. 
4. Aup.antium ( Decumana ) foliis ovato-lanceolatis craffis 
lucidis, frudtu maximo. Orange-tree with thick , fhin- 
ing , oval , fpear-fhaped leaves , and a large fruit. Au- 
rantium frudtu maximo Indian Orientalis. Boerh. Ind* 
alt. 2. 238. The Pumpelmoes, or Shaddock. 
5. Aurantium ( Humile ). pumilum foliis ovatis floribus 
fefiilibus. Dwarf Orange-tree with oval leaves , and 
flowers growing clofe to the branches. Aurantium pu- 
milum fub acri medulla. Bartol. The Dwarf \ or 
Nutmeg Orange. 
There are many varieties of this, as there is of molt: 
other fruits which have arifen from culture ; but thofe 
here enumerated may ftrictly be allowed to be diftindt 
fpecies. The varieties in the Englifh gardens are, 
1 . i he yellow and white ftriped-leaved Orange. 
2. The curled- leaved Orange. 3. The homed Orange. 
4. The double flowering Orange. And 5. The her- 
maphrodite Orange. 
1 he China Orange is not lb hardy as the Seville, 
therefore muft be treated more tenderly, placing it in 
winter in the warrneft part of the green-houfe, and 
houfing it earlier in autumn, otherwife the fruit will 
all drop from, the trees. This fort rarely produces 
good fruit in England, nor are the leaves of the tree 
near fo large or beautiful as thofe of the Seville 
Orange ; therefore the latter fhould be preferred, and 
only a tree or two of the China fort kept for variety. 
I he Dwarf Orange is alfo tender, the leaves are very 
fmall, growing in clufters ; the joints of the branches 
are very near each other, and the flowers of thefe 
grow very clofe together, and appear like a nofegay, 
the branches being covered with them. This fort, 
when in flower, is proper to place in a room or 
gallery, to adorn them ; the flowers being very fweet, 
v/ili perfume the air of the place ; but thefe are fel- 
clom to be found in good health, becaufe they muft 
be treated with more care than the common Orange 
and Lemon-trees , as muft alfo the Shaddock, other- 
wife the fruit will always drop off in winter. The 
Pumpelmoes was brought from the Eaft-Indies by 
one Capt. Shaddock, from whom the inhabitants of 
the W eft-indies gave this fruit the name. But they 
have greatly degenerated the fruit fince it has been in 
the Weft-indies, by tailing the trees from feeds ; the 
greateft part of which produce harfti four fruit, greatly 
inferior to the original fort; the fleih or pulp of which 
is red, whereas the greater part of the trees in Ame- 
rica 
