CAL 
Calendula (Fruticofa) foliis ohovatis fubdehtatis, i 
cayle fruticofo. Arnoen. . Acad. 5, p. 25. Marigold 
with obverfe , oval , indented leaves , jhrubby paid. 
9. Calendula ( Jdecumbens )• foliis oppofitis pinnatifidis 
afperis, fubtus incanis, ramis decumbentis, pedun- 
.culis nudis. Marigold with rough pinnatifid leaves grow- 
ing oppofite , which are white on their under fide , /n« 7 - 
branches , and naked foot-ftalks. Caltha Americana 
foliis laciniatis flore luteo. Hpuft. MSS. 
10. Calendula ( Americana ) caule erefto ramofo, foliis 
oblongis oppofitis hirfutis, floribus lateralibus. Afh- 
rigold with an upright branching flalk , oblong hairy 
leaves growing oppofite , ■ flowers proceeding from the 
Jidcs of the flalk. Caltha Americana erefta, & hirfuta, 
flore parvo ochroleuco. Houft. MSS. 
The firfc fort grows naturally in the fouth of France, 
Spain, and Italy ; it rifes with a flender branching 
flalk, which fpreads near the ground, and is garnifh- 
ed with narrow, ipear-fhaped, hairy leaves, which 
half lurround the flalk at their bafe ; the flowers are 
produced at the extremity of the branches upon long 
naked foot-ftalks. They are very frnall, and of a 
pale yellow colour •, the rays are very narrow, as are 
alfo the leaves of the empalement. The feeds are 
long, narrow, and on their outflde armed with 
prickles. The root is annual, and perilhes foon after 
the feeds are ripe. If the feeds of this plant are per- 
mitted to flatter, there will be a frefli fupply of 
young plants : fo that from May, when the flowers 
firft appear, till the froft puts a ftop to them, there 
will be a fucceflion of plants in flower. There are 
feveral botanifts who fuppofe the common Marigold, 
which is cultivated in gardens, to be only a variety 
of this, ariflng from culture ; but I have cultivated 
this in the garden more than forty years, without 
finding the ieaft alteration in it, therefore cannot 
floubt of its- being a, diftindt fpecies. 
The lecond fort I gathered in the garden at Leyden, 
where it had been feveral years cultivated without al- 
tering ; the leaves of this fort are ftnooth, and much 
larger than thofe of the former,, but not fo large as 
thole of the common Marigold ; the flowers are alfo 
of a middle fize between them, and are of a very pale 
yellow colour. This is alfo an annual plant. If the 
feeds are permitted to flatter, there will be a conftant 
fupply of young plants come up. 
The third fort is the common Marigold, which is 
cultivated for ufe in the gardens ; this is fo well 
known, as to require no defcription. Of this there 
are the following varieties •, the common Angle ; the 
double flowering •, the largeft very double flower ; the 
double Lemon-coloured flower ; the greater and 
fmaller childing Marigold. 
Thefe varieties are fuppofed to have been originally 
obtained from the feeds of the common Marigold, but 
moft of thefe differences continue, if the feeds are pro- 
perly laved nor have I ever obferved the common 
fort approaching to either of thefe, where they have 
been long cultivated in the greateft plenty •, but as 
the two childing Marigolds, and the largeft double, 
are lubject to degenerate, where care is not taken in 
faving their feeds, I conclude they are not diftinct 
fpecies. The belt way to preferve thefe varieties, is 
to pull up all thofe plants, whofe flowers are lefs dou- 
ble, as foon as they appear, that they may not im- 
pregnate the others with their farina, and fave the 
feeds from the largeft and moft double flowers ; and 
the childing fort fhouid be fown by itfelf in a ieparatc 
part of the garden, and the feeds faved from the large 
center flowers only, not from the frnall ones which 
come from the empalement of the other, for the feeds 
of thefe are apt to change, 
. The feeds of thefe may be fown in March or April, 
where the plants are to remain, and will require no 
other culture but to keep them clean from weeds, 
and to thin the plants where they are too clofe, leav- 
ing them ten inches afunder, that their branches may 
have room to fpread. Thefe plants will begin to 
flower in June, and continue in flower until the froft 
kills them. The feeds ripen in Auguft and Septem- 
CAL 
her, which, if permitted to flatter, will furnilh a 
fupply of young plants in the fpring •, but as thefe 
will be a mixture of bad and good, the bell method is 
to fave the belt feeds, and fow each of the varieties 
cfiftind, which is the fure way to have them in per- 
fection. The flowers of the common Marigold are 
ufed in the kitchen. 
The fourth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good 
Hope. This plant is annual, and perilhes foon after 
the feeds are perfe&ed. 
The lower leaves are oblong, fpear-lhaped, and 
deeply indented on their edges •, they are flelhy, and 
of a pale green colour. The ftalks are produced on 
every fide the root, which decline toward the ground, 
and are from fix to eight inches long, garnilhed with 
leaves from the bottom, to within two inches of the 
top. T. he leaves on the ftalks are much narrower, 
and more indented than thofe at the root. The up- 
per part of the ftalk is very flender, upon which 
refts one flower, fliaped like thofe of the common 
Marigold, having a purple bottom •, and the rays 
(or border) of the flower are of a Violet-colour on 
their outflde, and of a pure white within ; thefe open 
when the fun fttines, but fhu.t up in the evening, and 
remain fo in cloudy weather. When the flower de- 
cays, the pedicle (or foot-ftalk) becomes weak, and 
the head hangs down, during the formation and 
growth of the feeds ; but when they are fully ripe, 
the foot-ftalk raifes itfelf again, and the heads of the 
feeds ftand upright. 
The fifth fort is a native of the Cape of Good Hope. 
This is, alfo an annual plant, and has much the ap- 
pearance of the former, but the leaves are more 
deeply indented on their edges ; _ the ftalks grow 
about the fame length as the former ; the flower is a 
little fmaller, and the outflde of the rays are of a 
fainter purple colour. The feeds of this are fiat and 
heart-fhaped, but thofe of the former are long and 
narrow. 
The fiNth fort was brought from the fame country 
with the two former, and is alfo an annual plant'; 
the leaves of this are much longer than thofe of either 
of the former forts, and broader at the end ; they are 
regularly indented near the root, but thofe on the 
ftalks have but few and fhallow indentures. The 
ftalks of this Art are much longer and thicker than 
thofe of the former •, and at the top, juft below the 
flower, fwell larger than at the bottom ; the flower is 
fmaller than thofe of the other forts, but is of the fame 
colour. Thefe plants flower in June, July, and Au- 
guft, and. their feeds ripen about fix weeks after ; fo 
that they muft be gathered at different times as they 
come to maturity. 
The feeds of thefe plants fhouid be fown in the 
fpring in the borders of the garden where the plants 
are defigned to remain, for they do not bear tranf- 
planting well ; therefore they may be treated in the 
fame manner, and fown at the fame time, with Candy 
Tuft, Venus Looking Glafs, and other hardy annual 
plants, putting four or five feeds in each patch ; if 
they all grow, there fhouid not be more than two 
plants left in each patch : after this, they require no 
farther care but to keep them clean from we^ds. If 
the feeds of thefe plants are permitted to flatter, the 
plants will come up the following/pring without care, 
and thefe will flower earlier than thofe which are fown 
in the fpring. 
The feventh fort is alfo a native of the fame coun- 
try. This is a perennial plant, which divides near the 
root into feveral tufted heads, which are ciofely co- 
vered with long grafly leaves coming out on every 
fide without order ; fome of thefe have one or two in- 
dentures on their edges, but the moft part are entire. 
From between the leaves arife naked foot-ftalks 
about nine inches long, fuftaining one flower at the 
top, which is about the fize of the common Mari- 
gold, having a purple bottom ; the rays are alfo pur- 
ple without, but of a pure white within. Thefe expand 
when the fun Ihines, but always clofe in the- evening, 
and in cloudy weather. The general feafon of -their 
beauty 
t 
