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rife to the height of eight or ten feet, but in England 
they feidom are much above half fo high ; they fend 
out many fide branches, which fpread to a confidera- 
ble difcance every way, and, if permitted, will 
fallen themfelves to the plants which are near them 
by their fmall tendrils, and thereby fpread over 
them. 
They are annual, and perifh foon after they have per- 
fected their feeds, and being natives of hot countries, 
they will not thrive in England in the open air. They 
are propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown upon 
a hot-bed in the fpring and when the plants are two 
inches high, they fhould be each tranfplanted into a 
pot filled with light fandy earth, not too rich, then 
plunged into a very moderate hot-bed, where they 
mull be carefully fhaded until they have taken frefh 
• root ; after which they mull have a large fhareof air 
admitted to them, to prevent their being drawn up 
tall and weak ; and when their roots have filled the 
pots, they fhould be carefully fliaken out, preferving 
all the earth to their roots (for if that fhould fall off, 
the plants will not furvive it ;) then put them into pots 
a little larger, filling them up with the fame light 
earth, and place them either under a deep frame; or 
behind the plants in the ftove, where they may be 
fcreened from the fun till they are well fettled in the 
pots ; after which they may be removed into a glafs- 
cafe, where they may have room to grow and be 
fcreened from the cold of the nights, but in warm 
weather they will require a large fhare of air ; with 
this management they will flower in July, and their 
feeds will ripen in autumn. 
CARDUUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 832. Thiftle, in 
French, Chardon. 
The Characters are, 
It hath a compound flower made up of many hermaphro- 
dite florets , which are fruitful thefe are included in one 
common fcaly empalement , which is fwollen in the middle , 
each fcale ending in a fharp fpine \ the florets are funnel- 
Jhaped, of one leaf having a Jlender tube, with an erect 
brim , cut into five narrow fegments ; each of thefe florets 
have five floor t hairy fiamina , terminated by cylindrical fum- 
mits , which are indented at the top. In the center is fitu- ' 
ated an oval germen , crowned with down , fupporting a 
fender fiyle , which is longer than the fiamina , crowned 
with a fingle , naked , indented ftigma. The germen after- 
ward becomes an oblong four-cornered feed , crowned with 
down , and inch fed by the empalement. 
This genus of plants is ranged in the firfl feblion of 
Linn^us’s nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Poly- 
gamia asqualis •, the flowers of this clafs have their 
fummits connected into a cylindrical tube, but the 
fiamina are feparate, and thofe of this fe&ion have 
only hermaphrodite fruitful flowers. 
1. Carduus ( Ptarmicifolia ) foliis integris fubtus tomen- 
fis, fpinis ramofis lateralibus. Prod. Leyd. 133. 
Thiftle with entire leaves , woolly on their under fide , and 
branching fpines proceeding from the fide of the ftalks. 
Carduus humilis aculeatus, Ptarmicas Auftriacte foliis. 
Triumf. obf. 96. 
2. Carduus {Eriophorus) foliis feffilibus bifariam pinna- 
tifidis laciniis alternis eredtis, calycibus globofis yil- 
lofis. Hort. Upfal. 249. Thiftle with leaves growing 
dofe to the ftalks, which are doubly pinnated, the fegments 
alternately ere hi, and globular woolly heads. Carduus 
eriocephalus. Dod. Pempt. 723. Wo oily -headed Thiftle, 
called by fame Friars Crown. 
3. Carduus ( Acarna ) foliis lanceolatis dentatis ciliatis 
decurrentibus, fpinis marginalibus duplicibus. Thiftle 
with fp ear -fhapM indented leaves running along the ftalks, 
with hairy edges, and the fpines double on their borders. 
Acarna major caule foliofo. C. B. P. 379. Greater Fifth 
Thiftle. 
4. Carduus ( Marianus ) foliis amplexicaulibus haflato- 
pinnatifidis fpinofis, calycibus aphyllis, fpinis canali- 
culatis duplicato-fpinofis. Gouan. Monfp. 422. Thiftle 
with prickly leaves embracing the ftalks , empalements with- 
out leaves, and doubly armed with channelled fpines. Car- 
duus Marias. Da-lech. Hilt. 1475. Our Ladies Thiftle, 
or Milk Thiftle, < 
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5. 'Carduus (Cirfium) foliis lanceolatis dectifrprtribils 
denticuiis- inermibus, calyce fpinofo. Hort. Cliff 392,- 
, Thiftle with fpearfiaaped leaves running along the ftalks, 
with fmootb indentures , and a prickly empalement. Cir- 
fium Anglicum. Ger. Ernac. 1183. Englifth ft oft or 
gentle Thiftle. 
6 . Carduus ( Cafabome ) foliis feflilibus lanceolatis kite- 
gerrimis fubtus tomentofis, margine fpinis ternatis, 
Hort. Cliff. 393.' Thiftle with entire fpearfioaped leaves 
growing clofe to the ftalks, whofte borders are fet with triple 
fpines. Acarna Theophrafli anguillarae. Lob. Icon. 
486. The fuppofed true Fifth Thiftle of Theophraftus. 
There are a great number of fpecies more than are 
here enumerated, fome of which are very troublefome 
weeds in the gardens and fields, therefore are better 
to be kept out of both ; fo I thought it needlefs to 
mention them here. The few forts which I have here 
enumerated, being often preferved in the gardens of 
the curious for the fake of variety, or cultivated 
for ufe by fome perfons, therefore chofe not to omit 
them. 
The firfl fort grows naturally in Sicily. This is an an- 
nual plant, which rifes with a channelled item about a 
foot and a half high, fending out feveral fide branches 
toward the top, garnifhed with long narrow leaves like 
thofe of the Auftrian Ptarmica, which are of a deep 
green above, but white on their tinder fide, placed al- 
ternate : juft below the foot-ftalk of the leaf come out 
ieveral unequal yellow fpines, and at the end of the 
branches the flowers are produced ; thefe have very 
prickly empalements, under which are placed two 
long leaves ; the flowers are purple, and fhaped like 
thofe of the common Thiftle, but are fmaller; thefe 
are fucceeded by oblong fmooth feeds, which have a 
long woolly down fitting on their top. This fort 
flowers in July and Auguft, and the feeds ripen in 
September. It is propagated by feeds, which fhould 
be fown on a bed of light earth in the fpring where 
the plants are to remain, for they do not bear trahf- 
planting, unlefs it is performed when they are very 
young ; for they fend long {lender roots deep into the 
ground, which, if broken, the plant feidom furvives 
it. The only care they will require, is to keep them 
clean from weeds, and thin the plants where they are 
too clofe. 
The fecond fort grows naturally in feveral of the mid- 
land counties of England. This is a biennial plant, 
which fends out many long leaves near the ground, 
having feveral long fegments, placed alternate, which 
are joined to a winged border running on each fide 
the mid-rib the whole length ; thefe fegments point 
upward ; the under fide of the leaves, and the mar- 
gin of the midrib, are armed with long fharp fpines, 
ftanding every way. The following fpring, there arifes 
from the center of the plant one ftrong channelled 
ftalk, four or five feet high, branching every way 
toward the top : the ftalk and branches are garnilhed 
with the fame fhaped leaves as below, and each branch 
is terminated by a fingle head of purple flowers, hav- 
ing a woolly empalement. This dowels in June 
and July, and the feeds ripen in the autumn. One 
or two of thefe plants may be allowed a place in 
fome abjed part of the garden, for its Angularity. 
The feeds of this plant fhould be fown where the 
plants are to remain, and will require no other care 
but to keep them clean from weeds. The fecond 
year they will flower, and then the whole plant 
perifhes. 
The third fort grows naturally in Spain and Por- 
tugal. This rifes fix feet high ; the leaves are 
long, narrow, and the edges are fet clofely with 
fmall hairs ; at every indenture of the leaves there 
comes out two long yellowifh fpines ; at the end 
of the branches the flowers are produced from the 
fide of the ftalk, which have woolly oval empale- 
ments, clofely armed with {lender fpines. The flow- 
ers are yellow, but make no great appearance, as they 
advance very little above die empalement. It flowers 
in July and Auguft, and the feeds ripen in autumn. 
This plant may be propagated by feeds in the fame 
Bbb manner 
