f 
CAR 
may be fown upon a bed of earth in any fituation, 
and will require no other culture, but to keep them 
clean from weeds, and thin the plants where they are 
too clofe ; this being a medicinal plant, is kept in fome 
gardens, but it hath little beauty. 
There is a variety of this, which grows much taller, 
the heads are larger, and the leaves are placed clofer 
upon the ftalks. This was found by Dr. Tournefort 
in the Levant. 
The third fort was alfo difcovered by Tournefort in 
the ifland of Crete, from whence he fent the feeds 
to the royal garden at Paris. This differs from the 
former, in having a fmooth ftalk ; the leaves are very 
ftiff, deeply' indented, fmooth, and are armed with 
very ftrong fpines ; the heads of flowers are oval, 
the florets white, and the plant grows near four feet 
high. This is an annual plant, which may be fown 
and treated in the fame way as the former, and flowers 
about the fame time. 
The fourth fort hath a perennial root, but an annual 
ftalk. This grows naturally in Spain, and was firft 
brought to England from Tangier; the feeds of this 
are never perfefted in England, fo it is propagated by 
parting of the roots. The belt time for traniplanting 
and parting them, is about the beginning of March •, 
they fliould have a dry foil and a warm fituation, 
otherwife they are liable to be deftroyed in fevere 
winters. 
The ftalks of this rife about a foot and a half high, 
feldom putting out any branches, garniflied with 
narrow fpear-ihaped leaves the whole length of the 
ftalk ; theie are deeply fawed on their edges, each of 
the ferratures ending in a fharp point. The ftalk is 
terminated by one large fcaly head of blue flowers, 
fhaped like thofe of the other lpecies. 
The fifth fort grows naturally in the fouth of France, 
Spain, and Italy. This hath a perennial root and 
an annual ftalk, which rifes about fix inches high ; it 
is channelled, hairy, and garniflied with long narrow 
leaves, ending in feveral fharp fpines ; their edges are 
indented, each indenture ending in a fpine. Each 
ftalk is terminated by one large head of blue flowers, 
having a leafy empalement, compofed of very broad 
fcales, each ending in a fharp fpine. It flowers in 
June. 
This fort is difficult to propagate in England, for the 
roots do not put out offsets like the former, fo is 
only to be railed from feeds •, which do not come to 
perfection here, unlefs the feafon proves warm and 
dry. This plant Ihould have a dry foil and a warm 
fituation. 
The flxth fort is fuppofed by fome, to be the fame 
with the fourth, which is a great miftake, for they 
are extremely different. This rifes with a Angle ftalk 
about two feet high, which is of a purplifh colour, 
hairy, and channelled, clofely garniflied with broad 
fpear-fhaped leaves, which are fharply fawed on their 
edges, and covered with a fhort hairy down. The 
ftalk is terminated by a Angle large head of blue 
flowers, having a fcaly empalement, compofed of two 
orders of leaves, the outer being broad, long, and 
armed with fharp fpines on their edges •, the inner are 
narrow, and terminate with a fharp thorn. It flowers 
in June and July, and the feeds ripen in autumn. 
This fort may be propagated by parting of their 
roots, which fhould be performed in autumn, when 
the leaves decay. It fliould have a light dry foil, in 
which it will endure the cold of our winters, and 
continue many years.' It may alfo be propagated by 
feeds, which ripen well in dry feafons, but in wet 
fummers the feeds are generally abortive; this re- 
quires no other care but to keep it clean from weeds. 
It grows naturally in Spain, France and Italy, on ar- 
able land. 
The feventh fort I received from Andalufla, where it 
grows naturally in great plenty. This rifes with a 
fhrubby perennial ftalk to the height of eight or ten 
feet, dividing into many branches, garniflied with 
pretty long fword-fhaped leaves, which are indented, 
armed with fpines on their edges, and embrace the 
i 
CAR 
ftalks with their Safe. The branches are terminated 
by large, fcaly, prickly heads of yellow flowers,, 
which come out in July, but are never fucceeded by 
feeds in this country, fo can only be propagated by 
fide ftioots, flipped from the branches in the fpring,, 
and planted in pots filled with light fandy earth, and 
plunged into a moderate hot-bed, obferving to fliade 
them till they have taken root ; then they mull be 
gradually hardened, and removed into the open air, 
and when they have obtained ftrength, they may be 
feparated, and fome of them planted in a warm dry 
border, where they will endure the cold of our or- 
dinary winters; but, in fevere froft, they are fre- 
quently deftroyed, therefore a plant or two fhould be 
kept in pots, and flickered in winter to preferve the 
fpecies. 
The ieecis of the eighth fort were fent me from 
Spain, where it grows naturally. This hath a pe- 
rennial root but an annual ftalk, which is Angle, and 
never puts out any fide branches ; thefe are white, 
fmooth, and channelled. The leaves are long, narrow, 
of a pale green, and clofely armed on their edges 
with fhort ftiff fpines, which come out double. The 
ftalks are terminated by Angle, oval, fcaly heads of 
white flowers, each fcale being terminated by a pur- 
plifh fpine. This fquamous empalement is clofely 
joined at the top, fo as few of the hermaphrodite flo- 
rets appear vifible above it ; and this is guarded by a 
border of long, narrow, prickly leaves, furrounding 
the head, which rife confiderably above the flowers. 
This plant flowers in July and Auguft, but feldom 
perfects its feeds in England. It fhould be planted 
in a light foil and a warm fituation, where it will 
live abroad in our ordinary winters, but in fevere froft 
it is fometimes deftroyed. As the feeds of this fort 
rarely ripen in England, the only method to propa- 
gate the plant, is by parting the roots in the fpring. 
CARLM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 327. Carvi [fo called 
of Kolpoci Gr. the head, as though good for the head ; 
but others derive the name from Caria, where the 
antients found this plant.] Carui, or Carraway. 
The Characters are, 
It hath an umbellate d flower, compofled ofl fever al flmall 
umbels , which are formed as rays to the general \ umbel , 
neither ofl which have any involucrum ; the' flrngle flowers 
have very flmall empalements ; each hath five heart-fhaped 
obtufle petals, turned inward at their points ; it hath five 
hairy flamina the length ofl the petals , terminated by rc-und- 
ijh flmall fummits. The germen is fituated under the 
flower, flupporting two flmall fiyles , crowned by a Jingle 
ftigma. The germen afterward becomes an oblong chan- 
nelled fruit , dividing into two parts , each having an ob- 
long furrowed feed. 
This genus of planfs is ranged in the fecond febtion 
of Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Dygynia, 
the flowers having five ftamina and twoftyles. 
The Species are, 
1. C arum (.Carvi) foliis pinnatifidis planis, umbellatis 
inaequalibus confertis. Carraway with plain leaves ending 
with many points , and unequal umbels, growing clofe. 
Cuminum pratenfe, Carui officinarum. C. B. P. 159. 
Meadow Cumin, or Carraway ofl the flops. 
2. Carum ( Hiflpanicum ) foliis capillaribus multifidis, 
umbellis laxis. Carraivay with capillary multifid leaves, 
and loofle umbels. Carvi Hifpanicum, femine majore, 
& latiore. Juff. Spanifh Carraway with a larger and 
broader feed. 
The firft fort is the common Carraway, whofe feeds 
are greatly ufed, not only in medicine, but alfo in 
the kitchen, &c. This grows naturally in fome rich 
meadows in Lincolnfhire and Yorldhire, and is 
fometimes found growing in the paftures near Lon- 
don. It is alfo cultivated for ufe in Effex, and fome 
other counties. 
This is a biennial plant, which rifes from feeds one 
year, flowers the next, and perifhes foon after the 
feeds are ripe. It hath a taper root like a Parfnep, 
but much fmaller, which runs deep into the ground, 
and hath a ftrong aromatic tafte, fending out many 
fmall fibres ; from the root arifes one or two fmooth, 
folid, 
