CAS 
tranfplanting is a check to the luxuriant growth of 
trees, fo it is a promoter of their Trustification, as 
may be evinced by obferving low fhrubby Oaks, 
Walnuts, &c. which generally have a greater plenty 
of fruit, than any of the larger and more vigorous 
trees and the fruit of fuch trees is much fuperior in 
take, though the feeds of vigorous trees are vaftly 
preferable for plantations of timber ; for it is a con- 
ftant obfervation, that, by faving feeds from dwarf 
trees or plants, from time to time, they may be ren- 
dered much lower in their growth than is their na- 
tural fize ; but where the fruit is molt defired, then 
they Ihould be taken from fuch trees as produce the 
largeft and fweeteft nuts, which are commonly found 
upon fuch trees as fpread the moll, and have hori- 
zontal roots •, for the weaker trees being lefs capable 
to furniih a fupply of nourifhment, and having a 
greater quantity of fruit upon them, to which this 
mull: be diftributed, together with their roots lying 
near the furface of the ground (by which means the 
juices are better prepared by fun, air, &c. before it 
enters their veflels,) it is certain their juices are bet- 
ter digefted, and their fruits better maturated, than 
' thofe dan poffibly be, which grow upon ftrong vi- 
gorous trees, which have long tap-roots running 
feveral feet deep into the earth, and confequently take 
in vaft quantities of crude unprepared juice, which 
is buoyed up to the extreme parts of the tree ; and 
thefe feldom having many lateral branches, to digeft 
and prepare their juice, by perfpiring and throwing 
off the crude part before it enters the fruits. 
And this, I dare fay, univerfally holds good in all 
forts of fruit trees, and is often the occafion of the 
good and bad qualities of the fame forts of fruits 
growing on the fame Toil. 
What has been related about grafting this tree into 
the Walnut, to promote their bearing, or render their 
fruit fairer ; or inoculating Cherries into the Chefnut, 
for later fruit, is very whimfical and filly, fince nei- 
ther the Chefnut nor Walnut will receive its own kind 
any other way than by inoculating or inarching •, and 
it is the latter only, by which the Walnut can be pro- 
pagated ; nor was it ever known, that any two trees 
of a different genus would take upon each other, fo 
as to produce either a good tree or fruit ; therefore 
we may juftly explode all thofe different graftings of 
various trees upon each other, fo much talked of by 
the ancients ; at leaft we may fuppofe thofe trees are 
not known by the fame names now, that they are 
mentioned by in their writings*, for I have made 
many trials upon them, which, although performed 
with great care, and in different feafons, yet fcarcely 
one of them fucceeded. But to return : 
If you defign a large plantation of thefe trees for 
timber, after having two or three times ploughed the 
ground, the better to deftroy the roots of weeds, you 
ihould make your furrows about fix feet diffance 
from each other, in which you fliould lay the nuts 
about ten inches apart, covering them with earth 
about three inches deep •, and, when they come up, 
you muft carefully clear them from weeds : the dil- 
tance allowed between each row, is for the ufe of the 
horfe hoeing plough, which will difpatch a great deal 
of this work in a fliort time ; but it Ihould be per- 
formed with great care, fo as not to injure the young- 
plants ; therefore the middle of the fpaces only ihouk. 
be cleaned with this inftrument, and a hand hoe muft 
be ufed to clean between the plants in the rows, anc 
alfo on each fide, where it will be unfafe for the plough 
to be drawn : and in hand hoeing, there muft be 
great care taken, not to cut the tender rind of the 
plants. If the following fpring the fpaces are care- 
fully ftirred with the plough, it will not only make 
the ground clean, but alfo loofen it, fo as that the fun 
and moifture may more eafily penetrate the lame, 
which will greatly promote the growth of the plants ; 
and the oftener thefe ploughings are repeated, the 
cleaner will be. the ground, and the greater will be 
the progrefs of the plants, which cannot be kept too 
clean while they are young. When thefe have re- 
CAS 
mained three or four years (if the nuts fucceeded well,), 
you will have many of thefe trees to remove, which 
Ihould be done at the feafons before diresfted, leav- 
ing the trees about three feet diftance in the rows ; 
at which diftance they may remain for three or four- 
years more, when you Ihould remove every other tree 
to make room for the remaining, which will reduce 
• the whole plantation to fix feet fquare, which will be 
diftance enough for them to remain in, until they are 
large enough for poles, when you may cut down 
every other of thefe trees (making choice of the leaft 
promiftng,) within a foot of the ground, in order to 
make {tools for poles, which, in eight or ten years 
time, will be ftrong enough to lop for hoops, hop 
poles, &c. for which purpofes they are ‘preferable to 
moft other trees •, fo that every tenth year, here will 
be a frefh crop, which will pay the rent of the 
ground, and all other incumbent charges, and, at the 
lame time, a full crop of growing timber left upon 
the ground : but as the large trees increafe in bulk, 
their diftance of twelve feet fquare will be too fmall ; 
therefore when they have grown to a ftze for fmall 
boards, you fhould fell every other tree, which will 
reduce them to twenty-four feet fquare, which is a 
proper diftance for them to remain for good ; this 
will give air to the underwood (which, by this time, 
would be too much overhung by the clofenefs of the 
large trees ;) by which means that will be greatly en- 
couraged, and the fmall timber felled, will pay fuffi- 
cient intereft for the money at firft laid out in plant- 
ing, &c. with the principal alfo : fo that all the re- 
maining trees are clear profit, for the under wood ftill 
continuing, will pay the rent of the ground, and all 
other expences ; and what a fine eftate here will be 
for a fucceeding generation, in about fourfcore years, 
I leave every one to judge. 
The Chinquapin, or Dwarf Virginian Chefnut, is at 
prefent very rare in England : it is very common in 
the woods of America, where it feldom grows above 
twelve or fourteen feet high, and produces great plen- 
ty of nuts, which are, for the moft part, fingle in 
each outer coat or capfule. This tree is very hardy, 
and will refift the fevereft of our winters in the open 
ground, but is very apt to decay in fummer, efpe- 
cially if it is planted in very dry ground. The nuts 
of thefe trees, if brought from America, fliould be 
put up in fand as foon as they are ripe, and fent to 
England immediately, otherwife they lofe their grow- 
ing quality, which is the reafon this tree is at prefent 
fo lcarce with us ; for not one feed in five hundred 
fent over ever grew, which was owing to the negleSt 
of putting them up in this manner : indeed, moft of 
the nuts which have been brought over, have been 
kiln-dried, to preferve them from fprouting, which 
infallibly deftroys the germen. When the nuts ar- 
rive, they fhould be put into the ground as foon as 
poflible ; and if the winter fhould prove fevere, it 
will be proper to cover the ground with leaves, tan, 
or Peafe-haulm, to prevent the froft from penetrating 
the ground, fo as to deftroy the nuts. This fort of 
Chefnut delights in a moift foil ; but if the wet conti- 
nues long upon the ground in winter, it is apt to kill 
the trees. This will take by inarching it upon the 
common fort, but the trees fo propagated feldom 
fucceed well. 
I have feen a fpecimen, and fome nuts of a Dwarf 
Chefnut, which were brought from North America, 
which differed from all the other forts ; and I have 
been informed, that the French have raifed plants of 
this kind, from the nuts which were brought from 
Canada ; but as I have not feen any of the plants 
raifed in England, I can give no farther account of 
it, than that fome of the late writers have (uppofed 
it might be the dwarf branching kind before-men- 
tioned. 
CASTANE A E QJJ I N A. See -Esculus. 
CASTOREA. See Durant i a. 
CATANANC H E. Lin. Gen. Plant. 824. [K*V 
vayxw, a violent allurement to love, of yxja and dvdyy.rj, 
neceflitv, or of xetlwukd&a, to compel; fo called, 
becaufe 
