C I c 
If is much cultivated in Spain, being one of the in- 
gredients in their olios, and is there called Gara- 
vance ; it is alfo cultivated in France, but in England 
it is rarely fown. 
This plant is annual, {hooting out feveral hairy ftalks 
from the root, which are about two feet long; gar- 
niihed with long winged leaves of a grayifh colour, 
composed of feven or nine pair of fmall roundilh 
leaves (or lobes) terminated by an odd one, which 
are fawed on their edges. From the fide of the 
branches come out the flowers, fometimes one, at 
other times two together. They are fhaped like thofe 
of Peafe, but are much fmaller and white, Handing 
on long foot-ftalks ; thefe are fucceeded by fhort 
hairy pods, including two feeds in each, which are 
the fize of common Peafe, but have a little knob or 
protuberance on one fide. 
The feeds of this plant may be fown in the fpring, 
in the fame manner as Peafe, making drills with a 
hoe, about an inch and a half deep, in which the feeds 
fhould be fown at about two inches afunder, then 
with a rake draw the earth into the drill to cover the 
feeds. The drills fhould be made at three feet diftance 
from each other, that there may be room for their 
branches to fpread, when the plants are fully grown, 
as alfo to hoe the ground between them, to keep it 
clean from weeds, which is all the culture thefe plants 
require. 
This plant flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in 
Auguft ; but unlefs the feafon proves warm and dry, 
the plants decay in this country before the feeds are 
ripe. 
CICHORIUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 825. Tourn. Inft. 
R. H. tab. 272. f.i'gflpov, Or xi of hi giti, to 
find, becaufe found every where in walking.] Succory. 
The Characters are, 
The flower .hath a common fcaly empalement , which at 
Jirft is cylindrical, hut is afterward expanded ; the fleales 
are narrow , fpear-Jhaped, and equal. The flower is com- 
pofed of many hermaphrodite florets , which are plain, 
uniform, and ft and circularly , each having one petal, 
which is tongue-Jhaped, and cut into five fegments. They 
have five floor t hairy flamina, terminated by five-cornered 
cylindrical fummits. The germen is fituated under the 
petal, fupporting a fender flyle, crowned by two turning 
fligmas : the germen afterward becomes a Jingle feed, in- 
clofed with a down, and Jhut up in the empalement. 
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feCtion of 
Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Poly- 
gamia aequalis. The plants of this feCtion have only 
hermaphrodite fruitful florets. 
The Species are, 
1. Cichorium ( Intybus ) floribus gerriinis feffilibus, foliis 
runcinatis. Flor. Suec. 650. Succory with two flowers 
fitting clofe to the ftalk. Cichorium fylveftre five of- 
ficinarum. C. B. P. 126. Wild Succory. 
2. Cichorium ( Spinofum ) caule dichotomo fpinofo flo- 
ribus axillaribus feflilibus. Hort. Cliff. 388. Succory 
with a prickly forked [talk. Cichorium fpinofum. C. 
B. P. 126. Prickly Succory. 
3. Cichorium ( Endivia ) floribus folitariis pedunculatis, 
foliis integris, crenatis. Hort. Cliff. 389. Succory with 
fingle flowers on foot-ftalks, and entire crenated leaves. 
Cichorium latifolium, five endivia vulgaris. C. B. P. 
125. Broad-leaved Succory , or common Endive. 
4. Cichorium ( Crifpum ) floribus folitariis pedunculatis, 
foliis fimbriatis, crifpis. Succory with fingle flowers on 
foot-ftalks, and fringed curled leaves. Endivia crilpa. 
C. B. P. 125. Curled Endive. 
The firft fort grows naturally by the fides of roads 
and in fhady lanes, in many parts of England : this 
has been fuppofed to be no other way differing from 
the garden Succory, but by the latter being cultivated 
in gardens ; indeed, moft of the writers on botany, 
have confounded the two forts together ; for the Gar- 
den Succory which is deferibed in moft of the old 
books, I take to be the broad-leaved Endive, which 
is the third fort here enumerated, for I have many 
years cultivated both forts in the garden, without 
finding either of them alter. There is an effential 
c 1 c 
difference between thefe,- for the wild Succory hath 
a perennial creeping root, whereas the other is at moft 
but a biennial plant ; and if the feeds of the latter are 
fown in the fpring, the plants will flower and produce 
feeds the fame year, and perifh jn autumn, fo that 
it may rather be called annual. The wild Succory 
fends out from the roots long leaves, which are jagged 
to the midrib, each fegment ending in a point ; from 
between thefe arife the ftalks, which grow from three 
to four feet high, garnifhed with leaves, fhaped like 
thofe at the bottom, but are fmaller, and embrace 
the ftalks at their bafe. Thefe branch out above into 
feveral fmaller ftalks, which have the fame leaves, 
but fmaller and lefs jagged ; the flowers are produced 
from the fide of the ftalks, which are of a fine blue 
colour ; thefe are fucceeded by oblong feeds, inclofed 
in a down. It flowers in June and July, and the 
feeds ripen in September. 
The fecond fort grows naturally on the fea-coafts in 
Sicily and the iflands of the Archipelago. This fends 
out from the root many long leaves, which are in- 
dented on their edges, Spreading flat on the ground ; 
from between thefe arife the ftalks, which have very 
few leaves, and thofe fmall and entire : the ftalks are 
divided in forks upward, from between thefe come 
out the flowers, which are of a pale blue, and are 
fucceeded by feeds Ihaped like thofe of the common 
fort ; the ends of the fmaller branches are terminated 
by ftar-like fpines, which are very fliarp. The plant 
is biennial with us in England, and in cold winters is 
frequently killed. It flowers and feeds about the fame 
time with the former fort, and may be treated in the 
fame way as the Endive. 
The broad leaved Succory or Endive, differs from 
the wild forts in its duration, the root always perifhing 
after it has ripened feeds : the leaves are broader, 
rounder at the top, and not laciniated on the fides as 
the leaves of the wild ; the branches are more hori- 
zontal, and the ftalks never rife fo high. 
This fort is not much cultivated in the Englifli gar- 
dens at prefent, for the curled Endive being tenderer, 
and not fo bitter, is generally preferred to it. The 
broad-leaved and curled Endive Has been fuppofed 
to be only varieties from each other, which hath ac- 
cidentally been produced by culture ; but from having 
cultivated both near forty years, I could never find 
that they ever altered, otherwife than by the curled 
fort coming more or lefs curled ; the leaves of this 
fort have only a few flight indentures on their edges, 
and the ftalks grow more ereCt, having but few leaves 
upon them. This, when blanched, has a bitter tafte, 
which has occafioned its being generally neglected 
in England, but in Italy it is ftill cultivated in their 
gardens. 
All the forts of Succory are efteemed aperitive and 
diuretic, opening obftruCtions of the liver, and good 
for the jaundice ; it provokes urine, and cleanfes the 
urinary paffages of flimy humours, which may flop 
their paflage. 
The curled Endive is now much cultivated in the 
Englifh gardens, being one of the principal ingredi- 
ents in the fallads of autumn and winter, for which 
purpofeit is continued as long as the feafons will per- 
mit. I fhall therefore give directions for the managing 
of this plant, fo as to have it in perfection during the 
autumn and winter months. 
The firft feafon for flowing of thefe feeds is in May, 
for thofe which are fown earlier in the year, generally 
run up to feed, before they have arrived to a proper 
fize for blanching ; and it frequently happens, that 
the feeds fown in May in the rich ground near Lon- 
don, will run to feeds the fame autumn ; but in fi- 
tuations which are colder, they are not fo apt to run 
up, therefore there fhould be feme feeds fown about 
the middle or latter end of that month. The fecond 
lowing fhould be* about the middle of June, and the 
laft time in the middle of July. From thefe three 
different crops, there will be a fupply for the table 
during the whole feafon ; for there will be plants of 
each lowing, very different in their growth, fo that 
