C R A 
fhould by no means be headed or cut down ; wheii 
. thefe plants are upon a poor chalky foil, they make 
great progrefs, and the wood is very white and hard, 
fo has been often ufed for making cogs for mills, 
and many other purpofes where hard tough timber is 
wanted. 
It may alfo be propagated by layers in the fame 
manner as the Lime-tree and Elm, but thefe fhould 
be laid in the young wood ; but they are two years 
before they have Efficient roots to tranfplant. I have 
alfo raifed a few plants from cuttings, which were 
planted in autumn, in a ffiady border, but there was 
not more than one eighth part of the cuttings which 
fucceeded ; therefore I would recommend the raifing 
them from feeds, for the trees fo raifed grow much 
larger and ftraiter than thofe which are raifed either 
from layers or cuttings. 
The tree will take by grafting, or budding it upon 
Pear- flocks very well, and Pears will take by grafting 
upon thefe trees, fo that there is a nearer affinity be- 
tween the Crataegus and Pear, than there is between 
either of thefe and the Mefpilus •, for although both 
thefe will fometimes take upon the Mefpilus, yet 
neither of them thrive fo well, or laft fo long, when 
grafted, or budded upon thofe flocks, as they do 
upon each other; therefore Tournefort, who has 
joined the Crataegus in his feflion, with the Pear and 
Quince, has come nearer to the natural divifion of 
their genera, than thofe who have joined the Crataegus 
to the Mefpilus. 
There is another fpecies of this tree which grows 
naturally about Verona, from whence I have received 
dried famples of it, but they were without flower and 
fruit, and came over by the fame title as the former ; 
for as there is no other growing in that neighbour- 
hood, they have fuppoled it to be the common 
fort ; but if that is the Ana of Theophraftus, thofe 
trees which grow in England are not, for the leaves 
of the fort from Verona are fpear-fhaped, and above 
an inch long, and not fo broad by an inch as thofe 
of the Englifh, and the nerves on the under fide of 
the leaves are purplifh, the leaves terminating in 
acute points, fo that I make no doubt of its being a 
different fpecies ; but as I have not feen the growing 
tree, I would not enumerate it till I had been 
better informed. 
The fecund fort grows naturally in many parts of 
England, and is chiefly found upon ftrong foils ; it 
formerly grew in great plenty in Cane- Wood, near 
Hampftead ; and lately there was fome young trees 
growing in Biffiop’s-Wood, near the fame place ; but 
in many parts of Hertfordlbire there are large trees 
now growing : this rifes to the height of forty or fifty 
feet, with a large trunk, fpreading at the top into 
many branches, fo as to form a large head. The 
young branches are covered with a purplifh bark, 
marked with white fpots, and are garniffied with 
leaves placed alternately, Handing on pretty long 
foot-ftalks ; thefe are cut into many acute angles, like 
thofe of the Maple-tree ; they are near four inches 
long, and three broad in the middle, having feveral 
fmaller indentures toward the top, of a bright green 
on their upper fide, but a little woolly on their un- 
der. The flowers are produced in large bunches to- 
ward the end of the branches, they are white, and 
fliaped like thofe of the Pear-tree, but fmaller, and 
Hand upon longer foot-ftalks •, thefe appear in May, 
and are fucceeded by roundifh compreffed fruit, which 
are fhaped like large Haws, and ripen late in au- 
tumn, when they are brown •, and if kept till they are 
loft, in the fame way as Medlars, they have an 
agreeable acid flavour. The fruit of this tree is an- 
nually fold in the London markets in autumn. 
The wood of this tree is hard, and very white, and 
is very ufeful for many purpofes ; but particularly 
fo to the millwrights. It may be propagated in the 
fame way as the former fort, but requires a ftrong 
foil. 
The third fort grows naturally upon mount Baldus, 
from whence I received it, and on other mountainous 
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parts of Italy ; this riles with a woody trunk about 
twenty feet high, dividing into many branches, which 
are covered with a purplifh fpotted bark, and clofely 
garniffied with oblong fawed leaves, ftandingalternaie, 
on very ffiort foot-ftalks ; they are about three inches 
long, and one and a half broad, in the broadeft part, 
leffening toward both ends ; they are (lightly fawed 
on their edges, and of a deep green on both' Tides. 
The flowers are produced at the end of the branches 
in fmall bunches, which have rarely more than four 
or five flowers in each ; they are white, and much 
fmaller than thofe of the former forts ; thefe are fuc- 
ceeded by fruit about the fize of the common Haw, 
which is of a dark brown colour when ripe. It flow- 
ers in May, and the fruit ripens in autumn. 
The fourth fort is a native of North America, but 
has been many years cultivated in the Englifh gar- 
dens, where it is known by the title of Cockfpur 
Haw. Gf this there are two fpecies, one of which 
has no fpikes on the branches ; but the other has 
ftrong thorns which are curved downwards, greatly 
refembling the fpur of a cock, from whence it had 
this appellation : in other refpefls both forts agree in 
the form of their leaves, their flowers and fruit. 
However, Dr. Linnaeus has been ill informed of the 
two forts by Kalm, who went to America, and is now 
profeffor at Abo in Sweden for the doctor has added 
the appellation of Cockfpur to the fifth fort here 
mentioned, which has long been known in England 
by the title of Virginia L’Azarole. 
The fourth fort rifes to the height of hear twenty 
feet in England, where the trunk becomes large, arid 
divides into many ftrong branches, fo as to form a 
large head ; the leaves are large, oval, and deeply 
fawed on their edges, fo as almoft to divide them into 
lobes, which are placed without order ; the flowers 
come out from the fide of the branches in clufters ; 
they are large, compofed for the mod part of five 
petals, which fpread open, and are fucceeded by 
pretty large Pear-ffiaped fruit of a fcarlet colour. It 
flowers in May, and the fruit ripens in September* 
The fifth fort is generally known by the title of Vir- 
ginia L’Azarole ; this rifes with a ftrong ftem'to the 
height of fifteen feet or more, fending out many ir- 
regular branches covered with a light brown bark, and 
have a few thorns on their fides ; the leaves have ffiort 
foot-ftalks, they are narrow at them bafe, but widen 
upward fo as to become almoft of an oval figure, of 
a lucid green on their upper fide, and pretty deeply 
fawed on their edges ; the flowers are white, pretty 
large, and compofed of five petals which expand : 
thefe are fucceeded by large fruit of a fcarlet colour ; 
it flowers the end of May, and the fruit ripens in 
September. 
The fixth fort grows naturally in North America; 
this rifes with a ftrong Item to the height of ten or 
twelve feet, fending out many ftrong irregular 
branches, which, while young, is covered with a 
bright brown bark, but that on the older branches is 
of a lighter colour ; the leaves are oval, fpear-fhaped, 
(lightly fawed on their edges, of a bright green on 
their upper fide, but paler on their under ; fometimes 
they are placed by pairs, at others three or four come 
out from the fame joint; the flowers are produced in 
large clufters toward the end of the branches, forming 
a fort of corymbus, and are fucceeded by roundifh 
fruit of a middling fize, and a deep red colour. As 
the branches of this fort ffioot very ftrong, and are 
generally interwoven with each other, being armed 
with very long ftrong thorns, it is very proper for 
outward fences round gardens or fields. 
The feventh fort grows naturally in Italy and the 
Levant, where the fruit is ferved up to table with 
their defert; this hath a ftrong ftem riling twenty 
feet high, having many ftrong irregular branches, 
covered with a light- colon red bark ; the leaves are in 
ffiape fomewhat like thofe of the common Hawthorn, 
but they are much larger, have broader lobes, and 
are of a paler colour ; the flowers come out in fmall 
clufters from the fide of the branches, which are in 
4 K ffiape 
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?4 S 
