C Y N 
foiiis rotundioribus. Tourn. Inft. R, H. 93. Round- 
leaved Montpelier Scammony. 
3. Cynanchum ( Suberofum ) caule volubili inferne fu- 
berolo fifth, foiiis cordatis acuminatis. Hort. Cliff. 
79. Cynanchum with a twining fungous ftalk , having 
fijfures on the under fide , and heart-Jhaped pointed leaves . 
Periploca Carolinienfis, flore minore ftellato. Hort. 
Elth. 300. 
4. Cynanchum ( Hirtum ) caule volubili fruticofo, in- 
ferne fuberofo fiffo, foiiis ovato-cordatis. Hort. Cliff. 
79. Cynanchum with a Jhrubhy twining ftalk , whofe 
lower part is fungous , having fijfures , and oval heart- 
Jhaped leaves. Periploca fcandens, folio citri, fruftu 
maximo. Plum. Cat. 2. 
5. Cynanchum ( Ere Bum ) caule erecto divaricato, foiiis 
cordatis glabris. Hort. Cliff. 79. Cynanchum with an 
upright divaricated ftalk , and heart-Jhaped ftmooth leaves. 
Apocynum folio fubrotundo. C. B. P. 302. 
6. Cynanchum ( Afperum ) caule volubili fruticofo, fo- 
iiis cordatis acutis afperis, floribus lateralibus. Cy- 
nanchum with a tzvining Jhrubby ftalk , heart-Jhaped , 
pointed , rough leaves , and flowers growing from the fides 
of the ftalks. Apocynum fcandens foiiis cordatis af- 
peris, floribus amplis patulis luteis. Houft. MSS. 
The firft and fecond forts grow naturally about Mont- 
pelier ; thefe have perennial creeping roots, but an- 
nual ftalks, which decay to the root every autumn, and 
rife afrefh in the fpring ; thefe ftalks twift themfelves 
like Hops, round whatever plants are near them, and 
rife to the height of fix or eight feet ; the firft of 
thefe is garnifhed with oblong, heart-fhaped, fmooth 
leaves, ending in acute points, and are placed by pairs 
oppofite on long foot-ftalks ; the flowers come out in 
fmall bunches from the wings of the leaves; they are of 
a dirty white colour, and divided into five acute feg- 
ments, which fpread open in form of a ftar. Thefe ap- 
pear in June and July, but are not fucceeded by any 
feed-veffels in England, which may be occafioned by 
their roots creeping fo far under ground •, for moft of 
thofe plants which propagate themfelves fo much by 
their roots, become barren of feeds, efpecially if their 
roots have full liberty to extend. 
The fecond fort differs from the firft in the fhape of 
its leaves, which are broader and rounder at their 
bafe. The roots of this fort are very thick, running 
deep into the ground, and extend themfelves far on 
every fide ; fo that where this plant hath got pof- 
feffion of the ground it is not eafily extirpated, for 
every piece of the root will fhoot, which may happen 
to be left in the ground. Both thefe plants abound 
with a milky juice like the Spurge, which ifiiies out 
wherever they are broken ; and this milky juice 
when concreted, has been frequently fold for fcam- 
mony. 
Thefe plants propagate too fall by their creeping 
roots when they are admitted into gardens, fo few 
people care to have them : the roots may be tranf- 
planted any time after their ftalks decay, till they 
begin to fhoot in the fpring. 
The third fort grows naturally in Carolina, from 
whence the feeds were brought to England ; this is 
a perennial plant with twining hairy ftalks, which, 
if fupported, will rife fix or feven feet high; the 
lower part of the ftalks are covered with a thick fun- 
gous bark, fomewhat like cork, which is full of 
fifiures ; thefe ftalks are flender, and garnifhed at 
each joint with two oblong, heart-fhaped, pointed 
leaves, ftanding on long hairy foot-ftalks. The flow- 
ers are produced in fmall bunches at the wings of 
the leaves, thefe are ftar- A t aped and green when they 
firft appear, but afterward fade to a worn-out purple 
colour. They appear in July and Auguft, but are 
not fucceeded by feeds in England. 
This plant will live in the open air in England, if it 
is planted in a dry foil and warm flotation. It may 
be propagated by laying down fome of the young 
fhoots about Midfummer, which, if they are now 
and then refrefhed with water, will put out roots, fo 
may be tranfplanted in the autumn, where they are 
defigned to remain. The roots of this plant fhould 
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be covered in winter with fome rotten tan to keep out 
the froft, otherwife in fevere winters they are liable 
to be deftroyed. 
The fourth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, from 
whence the feeds were fent me by the late Dr. Houf- 
toun ; this rifes with a twining ftalk to the height of 
twenty feet or upward, provided it hath . fupport ; 
the lower part of the ftalks are covered with a thick 
fungous bark, full of fiftures, which gape open ; the 
leaves are oblong and fmooth, and placed by pairs 
oppofite, ftanding on long foot-ftalks : the flowers 
are produced from the wings of the leaves in fmall 
bunches, they are ftar-fhaped, and are of a yel- 
lowifh green colour, but are not fucceeded by pods 
in England. 
This fortps tender, fo will not thrive in this country 
unlefs it is placed in a warm ftove, and requires the 
fame treatment as . other tender plants from the fame 
country; and as it abounds with a milky juice, fo 
the plants muft have little water in winter. This 
may be propagated by laying down of the young 
fhoots, which in three or four months will put out 
roots, and may then be tranfplanted into pots filled 
with light fandy earth, and plunged into the tan-bed 
in the bark-ftove, where the plants fhould continue 
all the year. 
The fifth fort grows naturally in Syria; this is a pe- 
rennial plant, which rifes with flender upright ftalks 
about three feet high, garnifhed with broad, fmooth, 
heart-fhaped leaves ending in points, . placed op- 
pofite; the flowers come out from the wings of 
the leaves in fmall bunches, ftanding on branching 
foot-ftalks ; thefe are fmall and white, greatly re- 
fembling thofe of the common white Afclepias, or 
Swallow- wort, and are fucceeded by oblong taper 
pods, filled with flat feeds crowned with down, but 
thefe rarely ripen in this country. 
It is propagated by parting of the root ; the beft 
time for doing of this or tranfplanting of the roots, 
is in the fpring, before they fhoot : this requires a 
warm fituation, otherwife it will not live abroad in 
England. 
The fixth fort grows naturally at La Vera Cruz in 
New Spain, from whence the feeds were fent me by 
the late Dr. Houftoun ; this hath a fhrubby twining 
ftalk, which twifts about whatever prop is near it, 
and rifes to the height of twenty feet or upward ; the 
ftalks are very flender, and are armed with fmall 
flinging hairs, and garnifhed with broad heart-fhaped 
leaves, which end in acute points ; thefe are placed 
by pairs at each joint, which are far diftant, and have 
flender foot-ftalks ; they are covered with rough hairs 
on their under fide ; the flowers are produced in fmall 
clufters, fitting clofe to the fide of the ftalks ; they 
are pretty large, yellow, and ftar-fhaped, fpreading 
open to the bottom ; they are fucceeded by long 
fwelling pods, filled with flat feeds lying imbricatim, 
which are crowned with long down. 
This fort is tender, fo requires the fame treatment as 
the fourth, and is propagated the fame way. 
CYNARA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 835. Cinara. Tourn. 
Inft. R. H. 442. tab. 254. /Artichoke, in French Ar- 
tichaut. 
The Characters are. 
It hath a compound flower , made up of many herma- 
phrodite florets , which are included in one common fcdy 
empalement , which is fwollen in the bottom. The florets 
are tubulous , equal, and uniform , divided at the top into 
five narrow fegments. Thefe have Jive Jhort hairy fta- 
mina , terminated by cylindrical fummits , zvhich have five 
Indentures ; at the bottom of each is fituated an oval ger- 
men , fupporting an oblong ftyle , crowned by an oblong in- 
dented Jiigma. The germen afterward becomes a Jingle , ob- 
long . , comprejjed , four-cornered feed , crowned with long 
hairy down. 
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedlion of 
Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Po- 
lygamia aequalis ; the plants of this clafs and fe&ion 
have only hermaphrodite florets which are fruitful. 
The 
3 
