' C Y N 
The Species are, 
r, Cynara flcohmus) foliis fubfpinofis, pinnatis in- 
divififque, calycinis fquamis ovatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 
827'. Artichoke with fpiny leaves which are winged and 
undivided , and an oval fcaly empalement. Cynara ho. - 
ten (is aculeata. C. B. P. 383. the green or French Ar- 
tichoke. ... 
2. Cynara ( Hortenfts ) foliis pinnatis inermibus, caly- 
' cinis fquamis obtufis emarginatis. Artichoke with winged 
leaves having no fpines , and obtufe indented fcales to the 
empalement. Cynara hortenus folns non aculeatis. C. 
B. P. 383. The Globe Artichoke. 
3. Cynara ( Cardunculus ) foliis fpinofis, omnibus pin- 
natilidis, calycinis fquamis ovatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 
827. Cynara with prickly leaves which all end in winged 
points , and oval fcales to the empalement. Cynara fpi- 
nofa, cujus pediculi efitantur. C. B. P. 383. TheCar- 
doon , in French Chardon. 
4. Cynara ( Humilis ) foliis fpinofis, pinnatifidis, fubtus 
tomentofis, calycibus fquamis fubulatis. Lin. Sp. 
Plant. 828. Cynara with winged prickly leaves , woolly 
on their under fide , and awl-Jhaped fcales to the empale- 
ment. Cynara fylveftris Bcetica. Club Cur. Poll. 15. 
Wild Artichoke of Spain. 
The firft fort is commonly known here by the title 
of French Artichoke, being the fort which is molt 
commonly cultivated in France, and is the only kind 
in Guernfey and Jerfey * the leaves of this fort are 
terminated by fhort fpines, the head is oval, and the 
fcales do not turn inward at the top like thofe of the 
Globe Artichoke, the heads are alfo of a green colour * 
the bottoms of thefe are not near fo thick of fiefh as 
thofe of the Globe, and they have a perfumed tafte, 
which to many perfons is very difagreeable * fo that it 
is feldom cultivated in the gardens near London, 
where the Globe or red Artichoke is the only fort in 
efteem. The leaves of this are not prickly, the head 
is globular, a little compreffed at the top, thy fcales 
lie clofe over each other, and their ends turn inward, 
fo as to clofely cover the middle. 
The culture of thefe having been fully treated under 
the article Artichoke, the reader is defired to turn 
to that, to avoid repetition. 
The Chardon, or Cardoon, is propagated in the 
kitchen gardens to fupply the markets * this is an- 
nually raifed from feeds, which fhould be fown upon 
a bed of light earth in March * and when the plants 
come up, they fhould be thinned where they are too 
clofe •, and if the plants are wanted, thofe which are 
drawn out may be tranfplanted into a bed at about 
three or four inches difbance, where they fhould remain 
till they are tranfplanted out for good. Thefe young 
plants muff be kept clean from weeds, and in the be- 
ginning of June they muft be tranfplanted out, on a 
moift rich fpot of ground at about four feet afunder 
every way * the ground fhould be well dug before they 
are planted, and the plants fhould be well watered until 
they have taken new root, after which the ground 
muft be kept very clean from weeds, to encourage the 
growth of the plants •, and as they advance in height, 
there fhould be fome earth drawn up about each plant * 
and when they are fully grown, their leaves fhould 
be clofely tied up with a hay-band, and the earth 
drawn up in hills about each plant, almoft to their 
tops, being careful to keep the earth from failing be- 
tween the leaves, which may occafion the rotting of 
the plants. The earth fhould be fmoothed over the 
furface that the wet may run off, and not fall into the 
center of the plants, which will alfo caufe them to 
rot •, in about eight or ten weeks after the plants have 
been thus earthed, they will be blanched enough for 
ufe •, fo that if a fucceffion of them are wanted for the 
table, there fhould be but few plants earthed up at 
the fame time * but once in a fortnight there may 
be a part of them earthed, in proportion to the 
quantity defired. 
Toward the middle, or latter end of November, if 
the froft fhould be fevere, it will be proper to cover 
the tops of thofe plants which remain with Peafe- 
haulm or ftraw, to prevent the froft from penetrating 
C Y N 
to the tender leaves, which frequently pinches them 
where there is not this covering* but this fhould be 
taken off again in mikl weather 5 if this care is 
taken, the plants may be preferved for ufe moft part 
of the winter. 
If a few of the plants are planted cut in a warm fi- 
xation to ftand for feed, they fhould not be blanched, 
but only in very hard froft fome light litter, or Peafe- 
haulm, may be laid round them to keep out froft* 
which fhould be removed in the fpr’mg, and the 
ground gently dug between the plants, which will 
not only deftroy the weeds, but alfo encourage the 
roots of the plants to Ihoot out on every fide, where- 
by their ftems will be ftronger * thefe will flower 
about the beginning of July, and if the feafon proves 
dry, their feeds will ripen in September* but in cold 
wet feafons, thefe feeds will not come to maturity in 
England. 
The fourth fort grows naturally in Spain, and alfo on 
the African fhore, and is preferved in gardens for the 
fake of variety * this is very like the third fort, but 
the ftems of the leaves are much fmaller, and do 
not grow more than half fo high. The heads of this 
have fome refemblance to thofe of the French Arti- 
choke, but have no meat, or fieftiy fubftance in their 
bottoms : this may be planted in the fame manner as 
the third fort, at about three or four feet apart, and 
will require no other treatment, than the keeping 
them clean from weeds * the fecond year they will 
flower, and, if the feafon proves dry, they will ripen 
their feeds in September, and the plants generally 
decay the following winter, efpecially if the winter 
proves fevere, unlefs they are covered. 
CYNOGLOSSUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 168. Tourn. 
Inft. R. H. 139. tab. 57. Gmphalocies. Tourn. 140. 
tab; 59. [Kwo'yAwpcrovy of Kuvo?, a dog, and rAwtra, 
Gr. the tongue, fo called becaufe the leaves of this 
plant refemble a dog’s tongue.] Hounds Tongue, in 
French, Langue de Chien, 
The Characters are, 
It hath a funnel-Jhaped flower of one leaf \ with a long 
tube , and a fhort brim , zvhich is flightly cut into five 
parts , and is flout up at the chaps * this hath an oblong 
permanent empalement , cut into five acute fegments. The 
flower hath five fhort flamina in the chaps of the petal , 
terminated by roundifh fummits , and at the bottom of the 
tube are fituated four germen , between which arifes a per- 
manent ftyle the length of the flamina , crowned by an 
indented fligma * the empalement afterward becomes flour 
capfules , inclofing flour oval feeds. 
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of 
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia, 
the flower having five flamina and one ftyle. 
The Species are, 
1. Cynoglossum ( Officinale ). ftaminibus corolla brevi- 
oribus, foliis lato-ianceolatis tomentofis feffilibus. Lin. 
Sp. Plant. 134. Hounds Tongue with flamina fhorter 
than the petals and broad fpear-fhaped leaves , which are 
woolly , fitting clofe to the folk. Cynogloffum majus 
vuigare. C. B. P. 257. Common greater Hounds 
Tongue. 
2. Cynoglossum ( Appeninum ) ftaminibus corollam ae- 
quantibus. Hort. Upfal. 33. Hounds Tongue with fta- 
mina equalling the petal. Cynogloffum montanum max- 
imum. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 139. 
3. Cynoglossum ( Creticum ) foliis oblongis tomentofis, 
amplexicaulibus, caule ramofo, fpicis florum longif- 
fimis fparfis. Hounds Tongue with oblong zvoolly leaves 
embracing the flalks , a branching ftalk , and very long 
loofle y pikes to the flowers. Cynogloffum.' Creticum la J 
tifolium foetidum. C. B. P. 257. 
4. Cynoglossum ( Cheirifolium ) corollis calyce duplo 
longioribus, foliis lanceolatis.Prod.Leyd. 406. Hounds 
T ongue having a petal twice the length of the empalement , 
and fpear-fhaped leaves. Cynogloffum Creticum, ar- 
genteo angufto folio. C. B. P. 257. 
5. Cynoglossum ( Virginianum ) foliis anlplexicaulibus 
ovatis. Lin. Sp. 193 . Hounds Tongue with oval leaves 
which embrace the ftalk. Cynogloffum Virginianum 
flore minima albo. Banifter. Cat. 
4 S 6/ Cy- 
